Journal ArticleDOI
Is Meat Male? A Quantitative Multimethod Framework to Establish Metaphoric Relationships
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TLDR
In this paper, a framework of convergent quantitative methodologies that can further document the validity of a metaphor was presented to illustrate this multimethod framework, and the authors explored whether there is a metaphoric link between meat and maleness in Western cultures.Abstract:
Metaphors are increasingly recognized as influencing cognition and consumption. While these linkages typically have been qualitatively generated, this article presents a framework of convergent quantitative methodologies that can further document the validity of a metaphor. To illustrate this multimethod framework, the authors explore whether there is a metaphoric link between meat and maleness in Western cultures. The authors address this in six quantifiable studies that involve (1) implicit associations, (2) free associations, (3) indirect-scenario-based inferences, (4) direct measurement profiling, (5) preference and choice, and (6) linguistic analysis and conclude that there is a metaphoric relationship between mammal muscle meat and maleness.read more
Citations
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Vegetarianism. A blossoming field of study.
TL;DR: The present article reviews the extant literature, exploring variants of and motivations for vegetarianism, differences in attitudes, values and worldviews between omnivores and vegetarians, as well as the pronounced gender differences in meat consumption and vegetarianism.
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Sustainable food consumption: an overview of contemporary issues and policies
TL;DR: In the face of demographic change and a gr... as mentioned in this paper argues that contemporary food production and consumption cannot be regarded as sustainable and raises problems with its wide scope involving diverse actors, and furthermore, it cannot be considered as sustainable.
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Rationalizing meat consumption. The 4Ns.
Jared Piazza,Matthew B. Ruby,Steve Loughnan,Mischel Luong,Juliana Kulik,Hanne M. Watkins,Mirra Seigerman +6 more
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the 4N classification captures the vast majority (83%-91%) of justifications people naturally offer in defense of eating meat, and omnivores who strongly endorsed the 4Ns tended to experience less guilt about their animal-product decisions, highlighting the guilt-alleviating function of the4Ns.
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Revisiting gender differences: What we know and what lies ahead☆
Joan Meyers-Levy,Barbara Loken +1 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe four major theories of gender differences (socio-cultural, evolutionary, hormone brain, and selectivity hypothesis) and assess relevant research from 2000 to 2013 in marketing, psychology, and biomedicine.
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Is Eco-Friendly Unmanly? The Green-Feminine Stereotype and Its Effect on Sustainable Consumption
TL;DR: The authors found that men tend to be more concerned than women with gender-identity maintenance, which may motivate men to avoid green behaviors in order to preserve a macho image, leading to a gender gap in sustainable consumption.
References
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Book
Metaphors We Live By
George Lakoff,Mark Johnson +1 more
TL;DR: Lakoff and Johnson as mentioned in this paper suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning, and they offer an intriguing and surprising guide to some of the most common metaphors and what they can tell us about the human mind.
Journal ArticleDOI
Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix.
TL;DR: This transmutability of the validation matrix argues for the comparisons within the heteromethod block as the most generally relevant validation data, and illustrates the potential interchangeability of trait and method components.
Journal ArticleDOI
Metaphors We Live by
TL;DR: Lakoff and Johnson as mentioned in this paper suggest that these basic metaphors not only affect the way we communicate ideas, but actually structure our perceptions and understandings from the beginning, and they offer an intriguing and surprising guide to some of the most common metaphors and what they can tell us about the human mind.
Journal ArticleDOI
Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test.
TL;DR: An implicit association test (IAT) measures differential association of 2 target concepts with an attribute when instructions oblige highly associated categories to share a response key, and performance is faster than when less associated categories share a key.
Journal ArticleDOI
Implicit Social Cognition: Attitudes, Self-Esteem, and Stereotypes.
TL;DR: The present conclusion--that attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes have important implicit modes of operation--extends both the construct validity and predictive usefulness of these major theoretical constructs of social psychology.