Markers of Inflammation and Cardiovascular Disease Application to Clinical and Public Health Practice: A Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association
Thomas A. Pearson,George A. Mensah,R. Wayne Alexander,Jeffrey L. Anderson,Richard O. Cannon,Michael H. Criqui,Yazid Y. Fadl,Stephen P. Fortmann,Yuling Hong,Gary L. Myers,Nader Rifai,Sidney C. Smith,Kathryn A. Taubert,Russell P. Tracy,Frank Vinicor +14 more
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TLDR
There has been no consensus from professional societies or governmental agencies as to how these assays of markers of inflammation should be used in clinical practice, and a workshop to address these issues was convened in Atlanta, Ga.Abstract:
In 1998, the American Heart Association convened Prevention Conference V to examine strategies for the identification of high-risk patients who need primary prevention. Among the strategies discussed was the measurement of markers of inflammation.1 The Conference concluded that “many of these markers (including inflammatory markers) are not yet considered applicable for routine risk assessment because of: (1) lack of measurement standardization, (2) lack of consistency in epidemiological findings from prospective studies with endpoints, and (3) lack of evidence that the novel marker adds to risk prediction over and above that already achievable through the use of established risk factors.” The National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III Guidelines identified these markers as emerging risk factors,1a which could be used as an optional risk factor measurement to adjust estimates of absolute risk obtained using standard risk factors. Since these publications, a large number of peer-reviewed scientific reports have been published relating inflammatory markers to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Several commercial assays for inflammatory markers have become available. As a consequence of the expanding research base and availability of assays, the number of inflammatory marker tests ordered by clinicians for CVD risk prediction has grown rapidly. Despite this, there has been no consensus from professional societies or governmental agencies as to how these assays of markers of inflammation should be used in clinical practice.
On March 14 and 15, 2002, a workshop titled “CDC/AHA Workshop on Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Disease: Applications to Clinical and Public Health Practice” was convened in Atlanta, Ga, to address these issues. The goals of this workshop were to determine which of the currently available tests should be used; what results should be used to define high risk; which patients should be tested; and the indications for which the tests would be most useful. These …read more
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Terminology for high-risk and vulnerable coronary artery plaques
Johannes A. Schaar,James E. Muller,Erling Falk,Renu Virmani,Valentin Fuster,Patrick W. Serruys,Antonio Colombo,Christodoulos Stefanadis,S. Ward Casscells,Pedro R. Moreno,Attilio Maseri,Anton F. W. van der Steen +11 more
TL;DR: A group of investigators met for two days in Santorini, Greece, to discuss progress in the field of identification and treatment of high risk/vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques and patients and reached agreement on their own usage of the terms as described below.
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Anti-inflammatory effect of exercise training in subjects with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome is dependent on exercise modalities and independent of weight loss.
Stefano Balducci,Silvano Zanuso,Antonio Nicolucci,F. Fernando,Stefano Cavallo,Patrizia Cardelli,S. Fallucca,E Alessi,Claudio Letizia,Alfonso Jimenez,Francesco Fallucca,Giuseppe Pugliese +11 more
TL;DR: Long-term high-intensity (preferably mixed) training, in addition to daytime physical activity, is required to obtain a significant anti-inflammatory effect in patients with type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
Journal ArticleDOI
C-Reactive Protein as a Risk Factor for Coronary Heart Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-analyses for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force
TL;DR: A systematic review and meta-analyses assessed the possible independent predictive ability of CRP level for incident CHD risk and recommended more aggressive risk reduction therapy in persons reclassified as high-risk and may consequently reduce incidentCHD events.
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The Effect of Including C-Reactive Protein in Cardiovascular Risk Prediction Models for Women
TL;DR: While hs CRP improved overall model fit, the clinical utility of hsCRP in terms of reclassification was most substantial for those with a 5% or greater 10-year risk based on traditional risk factors, and most clinically relevant for those at intermediate risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and cardiovascular diseases: a review
Tariq Bhat,Sumaya Teli,Jharendra Rijal,Hilal A Bhat,Muhammad Raza,Georges Khoueiry,Mustafain Meghani,Muhammad Akhtar,Thomas Costantino +8 more
TL;DR: Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), which is calculated from complete blood count with differential, is an inexpensive, easy to obtain, widely available marker of inflammation, which can aid in the risk stratification of patients with various cardiovascular diseases in addition to the traditionally used markers.
References
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Executive Summary of the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III)
Scott M. Grundy,David W. Bilheimer,Alan Chait,Luther T. Clark,Margo A. Denke,Richard J. Havel,William R. Hazzard,Stephen B. Hulley,Donald B. Hunninghake,Robert A. Kreisberg,Penny M. Kris-Etherton,James M. McKenney,Michael A. Newman,Ernst J. Schaefer,Burton E. Sobel,Carolyn Somelofski,Milton C. Weinstein,H. Bryan Brewer,James I. Cleeman,Karen A. Donato,Nancy D. Ernst,Jeffrey M. Hoeg,Basil M. Rifkind,Jacques E. Rossouw,Christopher T. Sempos,Joanne M. Gallivan,Maureen N. Harris,Laurie Quint-Adler +27 more
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Atherosclerosis — An Inflammatory Disease
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Randomized Trial of Estrogen Plus Progestin for Secondary Prevention of Coronary Heart Disease in Postmenopausal Women
Stephen B. Hulley,Deborah Grady,Trudy L. Bush,Curt D Furberg,David M. Herrington,Betty Riggs,Eric Vittinghoff +6 more
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