Maternal growth factor regulation of human placental development and fetal growth.
Karen Forbes,Melissa Westwood +1 more
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TLDR
The expression of numerous signaling molecules is altered in the placentas from pregnancies affected by the fetal growth complications, fetal growth restriction, and macrosomia, and targeting these molecules may lead to more effective treatments for complications of pregnancy associated with altered placental development.Abstract:
Normal development and function of the placenta is critical to achieving a successful pregnancy, as normal fetal growth depends directly on the transfer of nutrients from mother to fetus via this organ. Recently, it has become apparent from both animal and human studies that growth factors within the maternal circulation, for example the IGFs, are important regulators of placental development and function. Although these factors act via distinct receptors to exert their effects, the downstream molecules activated upon ligand/receptor interaction are common to many growth factors. The expression of numerous signaling molecules is altered in the placentas from pregnancies affected by the fetal growth complications, fetal growth restriction, and macrosomia. Thus, targeting these molecules may lead to more effective treatments for complications of pregnancy associated with altered placental development. Here, we review the maternal growth factors required for placental development and discuss their mechanism of action.read more
Citations
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Insulin-Like Growth Factors and Their Binding Proteins: Biological Actions*
J. I. Jones,David R. Clemmons +1 more
TL;DR: In recognition of its generalized pleiotypic actions, sulfation factor was renamed somatomedin (mediator of the effects of somatotropin) and was included in the emerging classification of broad spectrum growth factors along with platelet derived growth factor, fibroblast growth factors, and epidermal growth factor.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways: regulation and physiological functions.
Gray W. Pearson,Fred L. Robinson,Tara Beers Gibson,Bing E. Xu,Mahesh Karandikar,Kevin S. Berman,Melanie H. Cobb +6 more
TL;DR: Nonenzymatic mechanisms that impact MAP kinase functions and findings from gene disruption studies are highlighted and particular emphasis is on ERK1/2.
Journal ArticleDOI
Mice carrying null mutations of the genes encoding insulin-like growth factor I (Igf-1) and type 1 IGF receptor (Igf1r)
Jeh-Ping Liu,Julie C. Baker,Archlbald S. Perkins,Elizabeth J. Robertson,Argiris Efstratiadis +4 more
TL;DR: In addition to generalized organ hypoplasia in Igf1r(-/-) embryos, including the muscles, and developmental delays in ossification, deviations from normalcy were observed in the central nervous system and epidermis.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of a Mouse Submaxillary Gland Protein Accelerating Incisor Eruption and Eyelid Opening in the New-born Animal
TL;DR: The isolation of the factor responsible for the earlier development of the incisors and eyelids is reported here, a heat-stable, nondialysable, antigenic protein, whose most distinctive chemical characteristic is the absence of phenylalanine and lysine.