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Missing data: Our view of the state of the art.

Joseph L. Schafer, +1 more
- 01 Jun 2002 - 
- Vol. 7, Iss: 2, pp 147-177
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TLDR
2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI) are presented and may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.
Abstract
Statistical procedures for missing data have vastly improved, yet misconception and unsound practice still abound. The authors frame the missing-data problem, review methods, offer advice, and raise issues that remain unresolved. They clear up common misunderstandings regarding the missing at random (MAR) concept. They summarize the evidence against older procedures and, with few exceptions, discourage their use. They present, in both technical and practical language, 2 general approaches that come highly recommended: maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian multiple imputation (MI). Newer developments are discussed, including some for dealing with missing data that are not MAR. Although not yet in the mainstream, these procedures may eventually extend the ML and MI methods that currently represent the state of the art.

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An effectiveness trial of a dissonance-based eating disorder prevention program for high-risk adolescent girls.

TL;DR: Adolescent girls with body image concerns randomized to the dissonance intervention showed significantly greater decreases in thin-ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, dieting attempts, and eating disorder symptoms from pretest to posttest than did those assigned to a psychoeducational brochure control condition.
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Exposure to Repetitive Versus Varied Stress during Prenatal Development Generates Two Distinct Anxiogenic and Neuroendocrine Profiles in Adulthood

TL;DR: Repeated exposure to the same stressor (restraint) generated the most robust changes, including increased anxiety-related behaviors and a delayed and prolonged hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to stress in female offspring.
Journal ArticleDOI

Unpredictable bias when using the missing indicator method or complete case analysis for missing confounder values: an empirical example

TL;DR: MIM should not be used in handling missing confounder data because it gives unpredictable bias of the odds ratio even with small percentages of missing values, and CC can be used when missing values are completely random, but it gives loss of statistical power.
Journal ArticleDOI

A Comparison of Item-Level and Scale-Level Multiple Imputation for Questionnaire Batteries

TL;DR: A Monte Carlo simulation was used to assess the impact of imputation method on the bias and efficiency of scale-level parameter estimates, including scale score means, between-scale correlations, and regression coefficients, and suggested that researchers should be cautious when implementing planned missing data designs that necessitate scale- level imputation.
References
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Book

Generalized Linear Models

TL;DR: In this paper, a generalization of the analysis of variance is given for these models using log- likelihoods, illustrated by examples relating to four distributions; the Normal, Binomial (probit analysis, etc.), Poisson (contingency tables), and gamma (variance components).
Book

Statistical Analysis with Missing Data

TL;DR: This work states that maximum Likelihood for General Patterns of Missing Data: Introduction and Theory with Ignorable Nonresponse and large-Sample Inference Based on Maximum Likelihood Estimates is likely to be high.
Book

Bayesian Data Analysis

TL;DR: Detailed notes on Bayesian Computation Basics of Markov Chain Simulation, Regression Models, and Asymptotic Theorems are provided.
Book

Multiple imputation for nonresponse in surveys

TL;DR: In this article, a survey of drinking behavior among men of retirement age was conducted and the results showed that the majority of the participants reported that they did not receive any benefits from the Social Security Administration.
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