Nosocomial infections: Epidemiology, prevention, control and surveillance
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TLDR
Efforts are required by all stakeholders to prevent and control nosocomial infections, which cause prolonged stay, disability, and economic burden during hospital stay and Transmission of these infections should be restricted for prevention.Abstract:
Nosocomial infections or healthcare associated infections occur in patients under medical care. These infections occur worldwide both in developed and developing countries. Nosocomial infections accounts for 7% in developed and 10% in developing countries. As these infections occur during hospital stay, they cause prolonged stay, disability, and economic burden. Frequently prevalent infections include central line-associated bloodstream infections, catheter-associated urinary tract infections, surgical site infections and ventilator-associated pneumonia. Nosocomial pathogens include bacteria, viruses and fungal parasites. According to WHO estimates, approximately 15% of all hospitalized patients suffer from these infections. During hospitalization, patient is exposed to pathogens through different sources environment, healthcare staff, and other infected patients. Transmission of these infections should be restricted for prevention. Hospital waste serves as potential source of pathogens and about 20%–25% of hospital waste is termed as hazardous. Nosocomial infections can be controlled by practicing infection control programs, keep check on antimicrobial use and its resistance, adopting antibiotic control policy. Efficient surveillance system can play its part at national and international level. Efforts are required by all stakeholders to prevent and control nosocomial infections.read more
Citations
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References
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Journal ArticleDOI
International Study of the Prevalence and Outcomes of Infection in Intensive Care Units
Jean Louis Vincent,Jordi Rello,John C. Marshall,Eliezer Silva,Antonio Anzueto,Claude Martin,Rui Moreno,Jeffrey Lipman,Charles D. Gomersall,Yasser Sakr,Konrad Reinhart +10 more
TL;DR: In this large cohort, infection was independently associated with an increased risk of hospital death and risk of infection increases with duration of ICU stay.
Journal ArticleDOI
General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
TL;DR: By following the general principles of antimicrobial stewardship, all practicing physicians should be able to use antimicrobial agents in a responsible manner that benefits both the individual patient and the community.
Journal ArticleDOI
Surgical site infections: epidemiology, microbiology and prevention
C.D. Owens,K. Stoessel +1 more
TL;DR: The most commonly isolated organisms are Staphylococcus aureus, coagulasenegative staphylaxis, Enterococcus spp. and Escherichia coli as mentioned in this paper.
Journal ArticleDOI
Catheter-associated urinary tract infections.
TL;DR: To the extent that the indwelling catheter is effective in decubitus ulcer prevention and/or management, long-term catheterization may diminish the risk of bacteremia or death from soft tissue infection, which should be examined in future studies.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hospital Epidemiology and Infection Control in Acute-Care Settings
Emily Sydnor,Trish M. Perl +1 more
TL;DR: The role for infection control programs has grown and continues to grow as rates of antimicrobial resistance rise and HAIs lead to increasing risks to patients and expanding health care costs.