Journal ArticleDOI
On the wave age dependent drag coefficient and roughness length at sea
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In this article, the wave age dependent drag coefficient and roughness length at sea have been studied theoretically by using the simple Phillips spectrum with a wave age-dependent Phillips coefficient, and it is shown that the turbulent surface stress, which is computed in a reference frame moving with the surface waves according to Kitaigorodskii's ideas, leads to an effective Charnock constant in the range 0.010 to 0.022.Abstract:
The wave age dependent drag coefficient and roughness length at sea have been studied theoretically by using the simple Phillips spectrum with a wave age dependent Phillips coefficient. It is shown that the turbulent surface stress, which is computed in a reference frame moving with the surface waves according to Kitaigorodskii's ideas, leads to a wave age dependent Charnock constant in the range 0.010 to 0.022. The wave-induced stress is computed by using well-established empirical functions of wave growth and assuming that there is a cutoff frequency above which the atmospheric momentum goes to the turbulent stress only. This leads to a total surface stress depending on wave age such that the drag coefficient has a maximum for intermediate wave age numbers (∼10). The total surface stress (turbulent and wave induced) is used to compute an effective Charnock constant, which is found to vary from 0.012 to 0.085. The results are compared with published observations.read more
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Bulk parameterization of air‐sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean‐Global Atmosphere Coupled‐Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the various physical processes relating near-surface atmospheric and oceanographic bulk variables ; their relationship to the surface fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and latent heat ; and their expression in a bulk flux algorithm.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the exchange of momentum over the open ocean
James B. Edson,Venkata Jampana,Robert A. Weller,Sebastien P. Bigorre,Albert J. Plueddemann,Christopher W. Fairall,Scott D. Miller,Larry Mahrt,Dean Vickers,Hans Hersbach +9 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the exchange of momentum between the atmosphere and ocean using data collected from four oceanic field experiments and obtained direct covariance estimates of momentum fluxes and wind profiles during three of them.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Dependence of Sea Surface Roughness on the Height and Steepness of the Waves
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that the sea surface roughness zo can be predicted from the height and steepness of the waves, zo/Hs = A(Hs/Lp)B, where Hs and Lp are the significant wave height and peak wavelength for the combined sea and swell spectrum; best estimates for the coefficients are A = 1200, B = 45.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sea surface wind stress and drag coefficients: The hexos results
Stuart D. Smith,Robert J. Anderson,W. A. Oost,C. Kraan,Nico Maat,Janice De Cosmo,Kristina B. Katsaros,Kenneth L. Davidson,Karl Bumke,Lutz Hasse,Helen M. Chadwick +10 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used inertial-dissipation techniques to estimate wind stress from turbulence spectra, both at the offshore research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN) and at a nearby ship.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wind Stress Measurements from the Open Ocean Corrected for Airflow Distortion by the Ship
Margaret J. Yelland,Bengamin I. Moat,Peter K. Taylor,Robin W. Pascal,J. Hutchings,V. C. Cornell +5 more
TL;DR: In this article, a large dataset of wind stress estimates, covering a wide range of wind speed and stability conditions, was obtained during three cruises of the RRS Discovery in the Southern Ocean.
References
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Measurements of wind-wave growth and swell decay during the Joint North Sea Wave Project (JONSWAP)
Klaus Hasselmann,Tim P. Barnett,E. Bouws,H. Carlson,D.E. Cartwright,K. Enke,J. A. Ewing,H. Gienapp,Dieter E. Hasselmann,P. Kruseman,A. Meerburg,Peter Müller,D.J. Olbers,K. Richter,W. Sell,H. Walden +15 more
TL;DR: In this article, wave spectra were measured along a profile extending 160 kilometers into the North Sea westward from Sylt for a period of two weeks in 1968 and 1969, with particular emphasis on wave growth under stationary offshore wind conditions and the attenuation of swell in water of finite depth.
Book
Evaporation into the atmosphere
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the process of evaporation into the atmosphere and its effect on the environment. But they do not discuss its application in the field of meteorology.
Journal ArticleDOI
Wind stress on a water surface
TL;DR: In this paper, the vertical distribution of horizontal mean wind in the lowest 8 metres over a reservoir (1·6 km × 1 km) has been measured using sensitive anemometers freely exposed from a fixed mast in water 16 m deep, the fetch being more than 1 km.
Journal ArticleDOI
On the generation of surface waves by shear flows
TL;DR: In this paper, an approximate solution to the boundary value problem is developed for a logarithmic profile and the corresponding spectral distribution of the energy transfer coefficient calculated as a function of wave speed.