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OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields

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TLDR
OpenPose is released, the first open-source realtime system for multi-person 2D pose detection, including body, foot, hand, and facial keypoints, and the first combined body and foot keypoint detector, based on an internal annotated foot dataset.
Abstract
Realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation is a key component in enabling machines to have an understanding of people in images and videos. In this work, we present a realtime approach to detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image. The proposed method uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image. This bottom-up system achieves high accuracy and realtime performance, regardless of the number of people in the image. In previous work, PAFs and body part location estimation were refined simultaneously across training stages. We demonstrate that a PAF-only refinement rather than both PAF and body part location refinement results in a substantial increase in both runtime performance and accuracy. We also present the first combined body and foot keypoint detector, based on an internal annotated foot dataset that we have publicly released. We show that the combined detector not only reduces the inference time compared to running them sequentially, but also maintains the accuracy of each component individually. This work has culminated in the release of OpenPose, the first open-source realtime system for multi-person 2D pose detection, including body, foot, hand, and facial keypoints.

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References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI

Detect-and-Track: Efficient Pose Estimation in Videos

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors propose an extremely lightweight yet highly effective approach that operates in two-stages: keypoint estimation in frames or short clips, followed by lightweight tracking to generate keypoint predictions linked over the entire video.
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Articulated part-based model for joint object detection and pose estimation

TL;DR: An Articulated Part-based Model for jointly detecting objects and estimating their poses is proposed and extensive quantitative and qualitative experiment results on public datasets show that APM outperforms state-of-the-art methods.
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Recycle-GAN: Unsupervised Video Retargeting

TL;DR: In this paper, the authors introduce a data-driven approach for unsupervised video retargeting that translates content from one domain to another while preserving the style native to a domain, i.e., if contents of John Oliver's speech were to be transferred to Stephen Colbert, then the generated content/speech should be in Stephen Colbert's style.
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Articulated Pose Estimation by a Graphical Model with Image Dependent Pairwise Relations

TL;DR: In this paper, a graphical model for human pose estimation from a single static image is proposed, which exploits the fact the local image measurements can be used both to detect parts and also to predict the spatial relationships between them.
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MultiPoseNet: Fast Multi-Person Pose Estimation using Pose Residual Network

Abstract: In this paper, we present MultiPoseNet, a novel bottom-up multi-person pose estimation architecture that combines a multi-task model with a novel assignment method. MultiPoseNet can jointly handle person detection, person segmentation and pose estimation problems. The novel assignment method is implemented by the Pose Residual Network (PRN) which receives keypoint and person detections, and produces accurate poses by assigning keypoints to person instances. On the COCO keypoints dataset, our pose estimation method outperforms all previous bottom-up methods both in accuracy (+4-point mAP over previous best result) and speed; it also performs on par with the best top-down methods while being at least 4x faster. Our method is the fastest real time system with \(\sim 23\) frames/sec.
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What is part affinity field?

Part Affinity Fields (PAFs) are a nonparametric representation used in the proposed method to associate body parts with individuals in an image. They are used to learn the spatial relationships between body parts and enable the detection of multiple people's 2D pose in real-time.