Osteoporosis--an epidemiological perspective: a review.
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TLDR
This review outlines the descriptive epidemiology of the three major age-related fractures, the patterns of change in bone mass with age, the relationship between bone mass and fracture risk, and the individual risk factors for osteoporosis.Abstract:
Osteoporosis, defined as a reduction in bone mass', constitutes a major public health problem through its association with age-related fractures. The most important sites at which these fractures occur are the hip, vertebra and distal radius. However, other fractures such as those of the proximal humerus and pelvis, are increasingly being recognized as associated with osteoporosis. This review outlines the descriptive epidemiology of the three major age-related fractures, the patterns of change in bone mass with age, the relationship between bone mass and fracture risk, and the individual risk factors for osteoporosis.read more
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Epidemiology of osteoporosis
Cyrus Cooper,L. Joseph Melton +1 more
TL;DR: This chapter discusses the epidemiology of osteoporosis and addresses the following questions: How should osteoporeosis be defined, and what are the risk factors for osteopornosis?
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A model of lifetime osteoporosis impact.
TL;DR: The model estimates that 54% of 50-year-old women will sustain osteoporosis-related fractures during their remaining lifetimes, which is estimated to cause 6.7% of women to become dependent in basic activities of daily living.
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Costs and health effects of osteoporotic fractures
TL;DR: A Markov model that uses population-based data and Monte Carlo simulations to estimate lifetime fracture risk, fracture- related functional impairment, and fracture-related costs for cohorts of individuals while controlling for competing causes of functional impairment and, hence, long-term costs is presented.
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The epidemiology of vertebral fractures
TL;DR: The results suggest a prevalence rate of vertebral deformity of 25.3 per 100 Rochester women aged 50 years and over and that 80% had grade 2 ( > 4 SD) deformities, suggesting that around 30% of such deformities in women receive clinical attention.
References
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Differential changes in bone mineral density of the appendicular and axial skeleton with aging: relationship to spinal osteoporosis.
TL;DR: Bone mineral density was measured in vivo at the lumbar spine (predominantly trabecular bone) by dual photon absorptiometry and at the midradius (greater than 95% cortical bone) and distal radius (75% cortical and 25% trabECular bone), by single photon absorptioniometry as mentioned in this paper.
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The radiological diagnosis of osteoporosis: a new approach.
Ellis Barnett,B. E. C. Nordin +1 more
TL;DR: This method has been applied to about 150 patients suspected of metabolic bone disease, and abnormal results were obtained in eighty-seven patients, and Arbitrary normal standards have been established in a control series of 125 adult outpatients.
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Genetic Factors in Determining Bone Mass
TL;DR: The significantly larger variation in intrapair differences in DZ twins indicates that these traits have significant genetic determinants, which alone or in conjunction with environmental factors may predispose persons to the development of osteoporosis.
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Nutrition classics. The Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine, Volume 92, 1978: Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance.
TL;DR: There is a specific, estrogen-related shift in calcium performance across menopause and that the reason for the positive effect of estrogen on balance and intake requirement is a combination of enhancement of intestinal absorption efficiency and improved renal calcium conservation.
Journal Article
Menopausal changes in calcium balance performance.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found a statistically significant positive correlation between calcium balance and both calcium intake and calcium absorption, and concluded that there is a specific, estrogen-related shift in calcium performance across menopause and that the reason for the positive effect of estrogen on balance and intake requirement is a combination of enhancement of intestinal absorption efficiency and improved renal calcium conservation.