Open AccessJournal Article
Potential Synergism between Stress and Contaminants in Free-ranging Cetaceans
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TLDR
It is likely that noise, increasingly encountered by marine mammals, will add to their allostatic load and disturb the delicate balance required by immature and adult mammals to react optimally to stressors.Abstract:
Noise has increased significantly over the last decades in oceans, and this trend is accelerating in large part because of oil exploration and exploitation, both of which are expanding worldwide. Considered together with recent evidence that noise disturbs the behavior, echolocation, navigation and communication of marine mammals, it is likely that noise, increasingly encountered by marine mammals, will add to their allostatic load. Glucocorticoids (GCs) are the major hormones that mediate the long term effects of stress. GCs’ effects depend, among other factors, on the intracellular concentrations of the various isoforms of the glucocorticoid receptors (GR). Tissue and cell-type specificity are also conferred by the presence in target cells of GR ligands such as chaperones, cochaperones and modulatory element binding proteins whose concentrations vary according to tissue, cell types and even to the cell cycle phase. The normal regulation of GCs production in adult life relies on the normal development of the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis in uterine and early postnatal life, which in turn depends on the absence of chronic stress imposed to both the mother and newborn during these critical periods. Worldwide, cetacean populations, such as the beluga population inhabiting the St Lawrence Estuary (SLE) in Canada, are exposed to anthropogenic stressors, and are contaminated by persistent lipophilic contaminants of which many are abundantly transferred to newborns during lactation. GCs and certain organochlorine contaminants (OCs), for instance dioxin-related polychlorinated biphenyls (DRPBs), mediate their prolonged and profound effects through nuclear receptors such as aryl hydrocarbon receptors (AhR). These effects are exerted on most organs, especially on the developing brain and lymphoid organs of fetuses and juveniles and on adrenal glands of adult mammals. Multiple interactions have been demonstrated between GCs and OCs, often through interactions between their receptors. These interactions may disturb the delicate balance required by immature and adult mammals to react optimally to stressors.read more
Citations
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Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health
TL;DR: The long-term consequences of climate change and potential environmental degradation are likely to include aspects of disease emergence in marine plants and animals, and the concept of marine sentinel organisms provides one approach to evaluating aquatic ecosystem health.
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Emerging infectious diseases in cetaceans worldwide and the possible role of environmental stressors.
Marie-Françoise Van Bressem,Juan Antonio Raga,Giovanni Di Guardo,Paul Jepson,Pádraig J. Duignan,Ursula Siebert,Thomas Barrett,Marcos César de Oliveira Santos,Ignacio B. Moreno,Salvatore Siciliano,Alex Aguilar,Koen Van Waerebeek +11 more
TL;DR: Environmental factors seem to play a role in the emergence and pathogenicity of morbillivirus epidemics, lobomycosis/LLD, toxoplasmosis, poxvirus-associated tattoo skin disease and, in harbour porpoises, infectious diseases of multifactorial aetiology.
Journal Article
Do Marine Mammals Experience Stress Related to Anthropogenic Noise
Andrew J. Wright,Natacha Aguilar de Soto,Ann L. Baldwin,Melissa Bateson,Colin M. Beale,Charlotte Clark,Terrence Deak,Elizabeth F Edwards,Antonio Fernández,Ana Godinho,Leila T. Hatch,Antje Kakuschke,David Lusseau,Daniel Martineau,Michael L Romero,Linda Weilgart,Brendan A. Wintle,Giuseppe Notarbartolo-di-Sciara,Vidal Martín +18 more
TL;DR: Wright et al. as discussed by the authors investigated the effect of noise exposure on marine mammals and concluded that noise acts as a stressor to marine mammals, and that repeated and prolonged exposure to stressors (including or induced by noise) will be problematic for marine mammals.
Journal ArticleDOI
Contaminant blubber burdens in Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from two southeastern US estuarine areas: Concentrations and patterns of PCBs, pesticides, PBDEs, PFCs, and PAHs
Patricia A. Fair,Jeffrey D. Adams,Gregory Mitchum,Thomas C. Hulsey,John S. Reif,John S. Reif,Magali Houde,Derek C. G. Muir,E. F. Wirth,Dana L. Wetzel,Eric S. Zolman,Wayne E. McFee,Gregory D. Bossart +12 more
TL;DR: Both dolphin populations, particularly those in CHS, carry a suite of organic chemicals at or above the level where adverse effects have been reported in wildlife, humans, and laboratory animals warranting further examination of the potential adverse effects of these exposures.
Journal Article
Anthropogenic Noise as a Stressor in Animals: A Multidisciplinary Perspective
Andrew J. Wright,Natacha Aguilar de Soto,Ann L. Baldwin,Melissa Bateson,Colin M. Beale,Charlotte Clark,Terrence Deak,Elizabeth F Edwards,Antonio Fernández,Ana Godinho,Leila T. Hatch,Antje Kakuschke,David Lusseau,Daniel Martineau,Michael L Romero,Linda Weilgart,Brendan A. Wintle,Giuseppe Notarbartolo-di-Sciara,Vidal Martín +18 more
TL;DR: Wright et al. as discussed by the authors studied the effect of exposure to noise on free-ranging animals and found that the context in which stressors are presented was important not only in affecting behavioral responses, but also in affecting the physiological and psychological responses.
References
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TL;DR: Evidence for the structural promiscuity of AhR ligand binding is described and the current state of knowledge with regards to the activation of the AhR signaling pathway by naturally occurring exogenous and endogenous ligands is discussed.
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Allostasis and Allostatic Load: Implications for Neuropsychopharmacology
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