Showing papers in "Neuropsychopharmacology in 2000"

TL;DR: Mouse genetics, allowing for selective inactivation of genes relevant for HPA regulation and molecular pharmacology, dissecting the intracellular cascade of CR signaling, are the most promising future research fields, suited for identifying genes predisposing to depression.

TL;DR: In anxiety disorders, depressive illness, hostile and aggressive states, substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress disorder, allostatic load takes the form of chemical imbalances as well as perturbations in the diurnal rhythm, and in some cases, atrophy of brain structures.

TL;DR: The data indicate that unstimulated secretion of TNF-α is related to the psychopathological improvement; whereas, IL-6 levels might dichotomize the patients into subsequent responders and nonresponders already at admission.

TL;DR: The biological fidelity of some aspects of these new models of schizophrenia mimic biological phenomena associated with the clinical condition, particularly developmental changes in the cortex, abnormalities of glutamate neurotransmission, and genetic characteristics of selected behavioral traits suggest they will be useful in the development of new therapies.

TL;DR: It is suggested that the VNTR polymorphism of the DAT gene effects translation of theDAT protein, which may explain a variety of clinical associations that have been reported with this polymorphism.

TL;DR: It is suggested that early life events influence the development of the GABAA receptor system, thus altering the expression of fearfulness in adulthood.

TL;DR: The results indicate that chronic drug use may lead to distinct patterns of cognitive impairment that may be associated with dysfunction of different components of cortico-striatal circuitry.

TL;DR: Allelic variation of 5-HTTLPR may contribute to the variable initial response of patients treated with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor.

TL;DR: Results indicate that operant responding for ethanol was enhanced during protracted abstinence by 30–100% and remained elevated for 4–8 weeks post acute withdrawal, which has important implications for understanding the characteristics and mechanisms underlying vulnerability to relapse.

TL;DR: The findings show that: (1) the escalation process in drug consumption is common to both opiate and stimulant self-administration; (2) escalation in heroin consumption is associated with a persistent increase in the motivation for taking heroin.

TL;DR: Recent studies combining the techniques of molecular biology, pharmacology, electrophysiology, and behavioral analysis to analyze knock out mice that lack individual subunits of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, have helped identify the role of specific nicotinics subunits in some of the complex behaviors.

TL;DR: A significant increase in cortical nicotinic receptors was seen in both nicotine treated as well as haloperidol and nicotine co-treated animals, suggesting that the abnormal regulation of high affinity neuronal nicotinIC receptors in schizophrenics following nicotine use was not related to chronic neuroleptic treatment.

TL;DR: Results indicate that genetic or constitutive differences may determine the distinct behavioral profiles for antidepressant compounds with selective pharmacological effects in different rat strains, and these effects may be related to genetic heterogeneity of antidepressant responses in depressed patients.

TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the regional localization of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF)- and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT)-immunoreactive (IR) fibers within the rat dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) using immunohistochemistry.

TL;DR: The dramatic improvements in some depressions in response to three treatment modalities which manipulate circadian rhythms suggest that circadian abnormalities reported in patients may constitute a core component of the pathophysiology in depression.

TL;DR: The alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonists, clonidine, lofexidine and guanabenz, blocked stress- but not cocaine-induced reinstatement of cocaine seeking at doses that suppressed footshock-induced release of noradrenaline in prefrontal cortex and amygdala.

TL;DR: The present results suggest that BDNF may contribute to the neuroprotective effects of rTMS, and the rT MS-induced changes in BDNF and CCK expression are similar to those reported after antidepressant drug treatment and electroconvulsive seizures, suggesting that a common molecular mechanism may underlie different antidepressant treatment strategies.

TL;DR: The large, sustained increase of [DA]ex, [NE)ex, and [5-HT]ex in PFC after olanzapine-fluoxetine treatment was unique and may contribute to the profound antidepressive effect of the olanZapine and fluoxettine therapy in TRD.

TL;DR: The finding that citalopram pretreatment in a double-blind placebo-controlled psychometric study in 16 healthy human volunteers produced an emotional state with heightened mood, increased self-confidence and extroversion, moderate derealization, and an intensification of sensory perception suggests that the psychological effects of MDMA are mediated via action at the5-HT uptake site to increase 5-HT release through the carrier, as expected from animal studies.

TL;DR: Differences in brain penetration of antidepressant drugs depending on the presence of the mdr1a gene may offer an explanation for differences in the treatment response at a given plasma concentration.

TL;DR: In this article, reversible inactivation of discrete brain nuclei with tetrodotoxin (TTX) was used to examine the neural substrates mediating primary and secondary cocaine reward in rats allowed two weeks of cocaine self-administration.

TL;DR: Patients who are either unmedicated and/or fully remitted are much less likely to experience relapse than patients who are recently medicated and partially remitted, and recently remitted patients who have been treated with non-pharmacological therapies also do not commonly show full clinical relapse with RTD.

TL;DR: Ketanserin attenuated MDMA-induced perceptual changes, emotional excitation, and acute adverse responses but had little effect on MDMA- induced positive mood, well-being, extroversion, and short-term sequelae, suggesting a contributing role for 5-HT2 receptors in the action of MDMA in humans.

TL;DR: The results indicate that nefazodone is not efficacious for treatment of alcohol dependence, and the clinical utility of naltrexone seems to be limited by its adverse effects, a finding that has important implications for efforts to develop medications to treat alcohol dependence.

TL;DR: It is suggested that immune activation may come to influence complex behavioral processes, as well as affective state, in view of the central amine variations induced by the cytokines.

TL;DR: It is shown that quantitative pharmacokinetics in target organs by 19F MRS in vivo should prove useful for understanding and investigating outcome of treatment modifications and side effects.

TL;DR: The findings suggest that atrophy and high intensity lesions represent relatively independent pathways to late-life MDD and suggest that complementary neurobiological processes may lead to cumulative neuronal injury thereby predisposing to clinical depression.

TL;DR: The results of the present experiments raise the possibility that the psychomimetic properties of hallucinogenic drugs may be mediated in part, via increased glutamate release following activation of 5-HT2A receptors.

TL;DR: Findings suggest receptor subtype-specific interactions between adenosine and dopamine receptors that may be achieved by molecular interactions (e.g., receptor heterodimerization), and that A1/D1 can form heterodimers in cotransfected cells and in primary cultures of neurons has in fact been obtained.

TL;DR: Observations suggest that PDE4 is an integral component of the NMDA receptor-mediated signal transduction pathway involved in memory processes and inhibitors of Pde4 may act on this pathway to produce their effects on memory and may represent a new class of cognitive enhancers.