Journal ArticleDOI
Principles and representations of nonequilibrium thermodynamics
TLDR
In this paper, a theory for the space-time structure of nonequilibrium processes is developed, based on the validity of the kinetic form of the Gibbs equation and the generalized thermodynamic potentials.Abstract:
A theory treating the space-time structure of nonequilibrium processes is developed. The basis of the theory is founded upon the validity of: (i) the kinetic form of the Gibbs equation and consequently, the generalized thermodynamic potentials, and (ii) the balance equation of entropy, the continuity equation, and the conservation of energy. The dissipation function is derived from the kinetic form of the Gibbs equation. The only additive invariant remaining in nonequilibrium thermodynamics is the energy; within the entropy representation, it can be used to establish a local energy conservation or power equation. The first and second variations of the power equation determine the stationary-state conditions and the stability of the stationary state, respectively. It is impossible to characterize nonequilibrium stationary states in terms of only one generalized thermodynamic potential; a free extremum of the potential does not exist since the stationary-state values of the forces enter in the first variation of the potential. A constrained variational principle of least dissipation of energy is applicable to certain classes of nonequilibrium stationary-states, which may or may not be spatially homogeneous. Distinction is made between variational principles (e.g., least dissipation of energy) and extremum principles (e.g., minimum production of entropy). A kinetic criterion of mechanical equilibrium is derived from the direction of the entropy flux.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
On Newton's third law and its symmetry-breaking effects
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that Newton's third law is not verified in systems out of equilibrium due to an additional entropic gradient term present in the particle's momentum.
Journal ArticleDOI
On Newton's Third Law and its Symmetry-Breaking Effects
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that Newton's third law is not verified in systems out of equilibrium due to an additional entropic gradient term present in the particle's momentum.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dominance of convective heat transport in the core of TFTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) supershot plasmas
Michael W Kissick,P. C. Efthimion,D.K. Mansfield,James D. Callen,C.E. Bush,Hyeon K. Park,J.F. Schivell,E. J. Synakowski,G. Taylor +8 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the dominance of convective heat transport in the core (r/a < 0.4) of supershot plasmas has been demonstrated in a new way.
Journal ArticleDOI
A Variational Method in Out-of-Equilibrium Physical Systems
TL;DR: A new variational principle for out-of-equilibrium dynamic systems that are fundamentally based on the method of Lagrange multipliers applied to the total entropy of an ensemble of particles is proposed.
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On the thermodynamic origin of energy principles in plasma physics
TL;DR: This paper showed that the energy principles of plasma stability theory have a common thermodynamic origin and constructed a Lyapunov function, which physically has the meaning of an entropy excess, under the proviso that no circulatory forces operate in the plasma.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Reciprocal Relations in Irreversible Processes. II.
TL;DR: In this article, a general reciprocal relation applicable to transport processes such as the conduction of heat and electricity, and diffusion, is derived from the assumption of microscopic reversibility, and certain average products of fluctuations are considered.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fluctuations and Irreversible Processes
Lars Onsager,S. Machlup +1 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the probability of a given succession of (nonequilibrium) states of a spontaneously fluctuating thermodynamic system is calculated, on the assumption that the macroscopic variables defining a state are Gaussian random variables whose average behavior is given by the laws governing irreversible processes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Concepts of stability and symmetry in irreversible thermodynamics. I
TL;DR: In this article, the excess power function, derived from a local energy conservation equation, is shown to yield necessary and sufficient stability criteria for linear and non-linear irreversible processes, and the variational principle of minimum dissipation of energy is related to a stability criterion.
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