Recent updates and perspectives on leishmaniasis
TLDR
The diagnostic, chemotherapeutic, and immunizing strategies to control leishmaniasis are highlighted, though no human vaccine is commercially available currently owing to the complexity of the cellular immune response to this parasite.Abstract:
Leishmaniasis is a neglected vector-borne tropical infection considered to be a disease of the poor. Concentrated in poverty-stricken countries within Southeast Asia, East Africa, and Latin America, it is also endemic in several Mediterranean countries. The management of the heterogeneous syndromes determined by parasites belonging to the genus Leishmania is particularly difficult in developed, non-endemic countries owing to the unfamiliarity of physicians with clinical symptoms, diagnostic possibilities, and available treatment options. Therefore, travelers and other people who may be exposed to sand flies in endemic areas should receive counseling regarding leishmaniasis and appropriate protective measures. Serological diagnosis is rarely used for cutaneous and mucocutaneous diseases, but it is the most commonly used technique for visceral leishmaniasis. The drugs used to treat this last disease are expensive and sometimes have toxic side effects. This review highlights the diagnostic, chemotherapeutic, and immunizing strategies to control leishmaniasis, though no human vaccine is commercially available currently owing to the complexity of the cellular immune response to this parasite.read more
Citations
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Leishmaniasis in humans: drug or vaccine therapy?
Masoud Ghorbani,Ramin Farhoudi +1 more
TL;DR: Despite the availability of different treatment approaches to treat leishmaniasis, therapeutic tools are not adequate to eradicate this infection and it is necessary that intensive research should be performed in drug and vaccine fields to achieve certain results.
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Insights into the sand fly saliva: Blood-feeding and immune interactions between sand flies, hosts, and Leishmania.
TL;DR: The results obtained shall pave the way for the development of field-application tools that could contribute to the management of leishmaniasis in endemic areas as well as address the impact of such molecules on the biology of the host–sand fly–parasite interaction.
Journal Article
Laboratory diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis.
TL;DR: Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) has been shown to be superior than conventional PCR for the differentiation between active VL and asymptomatic infections, such as for the detection of VL-HIV coinfection.
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An overview of azoles targeting sterol 14α-demethylase for antileishmanial therapy.
TL;DR: All studies reported on azoles for potential antileishmanial therapy along their structural and biological aspects are reviewed to help medicinal chemists for design of new azole-derived antileishesmanial drugs.
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Searching for drugs for Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and schistosomiasis: a review
Soraya da Silva Santos,Renan Vinicius de Araujo,Jeanine Giarolla,Omar A. El Seoud,Elizabeth Igne Ferreira +4 more
TL;DR: Using medicinal chemistry and computational approaches, researchers have found some promising compounds, most of them synthetic, but also from natural sources or even semi-synthetic, which could be drug candidates for neglected diseases.
References
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Leishmaniasis Worldwide and Global Estimates of Its Incidence
Jorge Alvar,Iván D. Vélez,Iván D. Vélez,Caryn Bern,Mercè Herrero,Philippe Desjeux,Jorge Cano,Jean Jannin,Margriet den Boer +8 more
TL;DR: Visceral and cutaneous leishmaniasis incidence ranges were estimated by country and epidemiological region based on reported incidence, underreporting rates if available, and the judgment of national and international experts.
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Phlebotomine sandflies and the spreading of leishmaniases and other diseases of public health concern
TL;DR: The roles of phlebotomines in the spreading of leishmaniases, sandfly fever, summer meningitis, vesicular stomatitis, Chandipura virus encephalitis and Carrión's disease are reviewed.
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Cutaneous leishmaniasis: recent developments in diagnosis and management.
TL;DR: This review focuses on recent developments in the diagnosis, treatment, management, and strategies for the prevention and control of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by both Old and New World Leishmania species.
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Recent developments in drug discovery for leishmaniasis and human African trypanosomiasis.
Advait Nagle,Shilpi Khare,Arun Kumar,Frantisek Supek,Andriy Buchynskyy,Casey J. N. Mathison,Naveen Kumar Chennamaneni,Nagendar Pendem,Frederick S. Buckner,Michael H. Gelb,Valentina Molteni +10 more
TL;DR: The disease history and parasite biology is described followed by a summary of the currently available treatments and, finally, review reports of novel small molecules with antileishmanial activity.
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Efficacy of Miltefosine in the Treatment of Visceral Leishmaniasis in India After a Decade of Use
Shyam Sundar,Anup Singh,Madhukar Rai,Vijay Kumar Prajapati,Avinash Singh,Bart Ostyn,Marleen Boelaert,Jean-Claude Dujardin,Jaya Chakravarty +8 more
TL;DR: There is a substantial increase in the failure rate of oral miltefosine for treatment of VL in India as compared to the phase III trial that led to registration of the drug a decade ago.