Regulation of floral initiation in horticultural trees
TLDR
The effect of the environment, interactions with vegetative growth, the roles of plant growth regulators and carbohydrates, and recent advances in molecular biology, are discussed.Abstract:
The intention of this review is to discuss floral initiation of horticultural trees. Floral initiation is best understood for herbaceous species, especially at the molecular level, so a brief overview of the control of floral initiation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) precedes the discussion of trees. Four major pathways to flowering have been characterized in Arabidopsis, including environmental induction through photoperiod and temperature, autonomous floral initiation, and regulation by gibberellins. Tropical trees are generally induced to flower through environmental cues, whereas floral initiation of temperate deciduous trees is often autonomous. In the tropical evergreen tree mango, Mangifera indica L., cool temperature is the only factor known to induce flowering, but does not ensure floral initiation will occur because there are important interactions with vegetative growth. The temperate deciduous tree apple, Malus domestica Borkh., flowers autonomously, with floral initiation dependent on aspects of vegetative development in the growing season before anthesis, although with respect to the floral initiation of trees in general: the effect of the environment, interactions with vegetative growth, the roles of plant growth regulators and carbohydrates, and recent advances in molecular biology, are discussed.read more
Citations
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Toward a synthetic understanding of the role of phenology in ecology and evolution
TL;DR: The relationship betweenphenology and life history, the distinction between organismal- and population-level perspectives on phenology and the influence of phenology on evolutionary processes, communities and ecosystems are discussed.
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In Posidonia oceanica cadmium induces changes in DNA methylation and chromatin patterning
TL;DR: The data demonstrate that Cd perturbs the DNA methylation status through the involvement of a specific methyltransferase, linked to nuclear chromatin reconfiguration likely to establish a new balance of expressed/repressed chromatin.
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Gibberellin as a factor in floral regulatory networks
TL;DR: Gibberellins promote flowering in Arabidopsis through the activation of genes encoding the floral integrators SUPPRESSOR of OVEREXPRESSION of CONSTANS 1, LEAFY, and FLOWERING LOCUS T in the inflorescence and floral meristems, and in leaves, respectively.
Journal ArticleDOI
FLOWERING LOCUS T duplication coordinates reproductive and vegetative growth in perennial poplar
Chuan Yu Hsu,Joshua P. Adams,Hyejin Kim,Kyoungok No,Caiping Ma,Steven H. Strauss,Jenny Drnevich,Lindsay Vandervelde,Jeffrey D. Ellis,Brandon M. Rice,Norman J. Wickett,Lee E. Gunter,Gerald A. Tuskan,Amy M. Brunner,Grier P. Page,Abdelali Barakat,John E. Carlson,John E. Carlson,Claude W. dePamphilis,Dawn S. Luthe,Cetin Yuceer +20 more
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report that functionally diverged paralogs FLOWERING LOCUS T1 (FT1) and FT2 (FT2) coordinate the repeated cycles of vegetative and reproductive growth in woody perennial poplar (Populus spp.).
References
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FT Protein Movement Contributes to Long-Distance Signaling in Floral Induction of Arabidopsis
Laurent Corbesier,Coral Vincent,Seonghoe Jang,Fabio Fornara,Qingzhi Fan,Qingzhi Fan,Iain R. Searle,Antonis Giakountis,Sara Farrona,Lionel Gissot,Colin G. N. Turnbull,Colin G. N. Turnbull,George Coupland +12 more
TL;DR: It is concluded that FT protein acts as a long-distance signal that induces Arabidopsis flowering, and evidence that FT does not activate an intermediate messenger in leaves is provided.
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FLOWERING LOCUS C Encodes a Novel MADS Domain Protein That Acts as a Repressor of Flowering
TL;DR: This study reports that flc null mutations result in early flowering, demonstrating that the role of active FLC alleles is to repress flowering, and proposes that the level of FLC activity acts through a rheostat-like mechanism to control flowering time in Arabidopsis and that modulation of F LC expression is a component of the vernalization response.
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FD, a bZIP Protein Mediating Signals from the Floral Pathway Integrator FT at the Shoot Apex
Mitsutomo Abe,Yasushi Kobayashi,Sumiko Yamamoto,Yasufumi Daimon,Ayako Yamaguchi,Yoko Ikeda,Harutaka Ichinoki,Michitaka Notaguchi,Koji Goto,Takashi Araki,Takashi Araki +10 more
TL;DR: FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) is a conserved promoter of flowering that acts downstream of various regulatory pathways, including one that mediates photoperiodic induction through CONSTANS (CO), and is expressed in the vasculature of cotyledons and leaves.
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CONSTANS mediates between the circadian clock and the control of flowering in Arabidopsis
Paula Suárez-López,Kay Wheatley,Frances Robson,Frances Robson,Hitoshi Onouchi,Hitoshi Onouchi,Federico Valverde,George Coupland,George Coupland +8 more
TL;DR: It is shown that expression of CONSTANS (CO), a gene that accelerates flowering in response to long days, is modulated by the circadian clock and day length, suggesting mechanisms by which day length regulates flowering time.
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Integration of spatial and temporal information during floral induction in Arabidopsis.
Philip A. Wigge,Philip A. Wigge,Min Chul Kim,Katja E. Jaeger,Wolfgang Busch,Markus Schmid,Jan U. Lohmann,Detlef Weigel,Detlef Weigel +8 more
TL;DR: Data suggest that FT primarily controls the timing of flowering of Arabidopsis, and that integration of temporal and spatial information is mediated in part by the bZIP transcription factor FD, which is already expressed at the shoot apex before floral induction.