Journal ArticleDOI
Safety considerations with omega-3 fatty acid therapy.
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TLDR
Clinicians should be aware of available information to best assess their relative safety, which includes the US Food and Drug Administration and Environmental Protection Agency advisory statement regarding fish consumption, the meaning of certain labeling (such as "verification" through the US Pharmacopeia) and the differences in FDA regulatory requirements between nonprescription fish oil supplements and prescription fish oil preparations.Abstract:
It has been suggested that the potential antithrombotic effect of fish oils may theoretically increase the risk for bleeding, which may be a safety concern for individual patients. However, clinical trial evidence has not supported increased bleeding with omega-3 fatty acid intake, even when combined with other agents that might also increase bleeding (such as aspirin and warfarin). Another potential safety concern is the susceptibility of omega-3 fatty acid preparations to undergo oxidation, which contributes to patient intolerance and potential toxicity. Finally, large amounts of fish consumption may result in adverse experiences due to the potential presence of environmental toxins such as mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxins, and other contaminants. The risks of exposure to environmental toxins and hypervitaminosis with fish consumption are substantially reduced through purification processes used to develop selected concentrated fish oil supplements and prescription preparations. Thus, in choosing which fish oil therapies to recommend, clinicians should be aware of available information to best assess their relative safety, which includes the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) advisory statement regarding fish consumption, the meaning of certain labeling (such as "verification" through the US Pharmacopeia) and the differences in FDA regulatory requirements between nonprescription fish oil supplements and prescription fish oil preparations, and how all of this is important to the optimal treatment of patients.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
A systemic review of the roles of n-3 fatty acids in health and disease.
TL;DR: Additional controlled clinical trials are needed to document whether long-term consumption or supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic Acid or the plant-derived counterpart (alpha-linolenic acid) results in better quality of life.
Journal ArticleDOI
Marine n−3 Fatty Acids and Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer
JoAnn E. Manson,Nancy R. Cook,I-Min Lee,William G. Christen,Shari S. Bassuk,Samia Mora,Heike Gibson,Christine M. Albert,David Gordon,Copeland T,Derek Dagostino,Friedenberg G,Ridge C,Bubes,Edward Giovannucci,Walter C. Willett,Julie E. Buring +16 more
TL;DR: In this article, a randomized, placebo-controlled trial with a two-by-two factorial design, of vitamin D3 (at a dose of 2000 IU per day) and marine n−3 fatty acids (a dose of 1 g per day).
Journal ArticleDOI
The VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): rationale and design of a large randomized controlled trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acid supplements for the primary prevention of cancer and cardiovascular disease.
JoAnn E. Manson,Shari S. Bassuk,I-Min Lee,I-Min Lee,Nancy R. Cook,Nancy R. Cook,Michelle A. Albert,David Gordon,Elaine Zaharris,Jean G. MacFadyen,Eleanor Danielson,Jennifer Y. Lin,Shumin M. Zhang,Julie E. Buring,Julie E. Buring +14 more
TL;DR: The ongoing VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL) is a large randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 2 x 2 factorial trial of vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acids in the primary prevention of cancer and CVD among a multi-ethnic population of 20,000 U.S. men aged ≥ 50 and women aged ≥ 55.
Journal ArticleDOI
Polyunsaturated fatty acids as antioxidants.
TL;DR: It is proposed that this series of fatty acids, notably those of the omega 3 series, might act as indirect anti- rather than pro-oxidant in vascular endothelial cells, hence diminishing inflammation and, in turn, the risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease.
Journal ArticleDOI
Lipid oxidation and peroxidation in CNS health and disease: from molecular mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities.
TL;DR: The role of lipid oxidation/peroxidation in various CNS injuries/disorders is discussed and may be of particular importance for these CNS injuries and disorders.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial
TL;DR: Dietary supplementation with n-3 PUFA led to a clinically important and statistically significant benefit and vitamin E had no benefit and its effects on fatal cardiovascular events require further exploration.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fish Consumption, Fish Oil, Omega-3 Fatty Acids, and Cardiovascular Disease
TL;DR: Evidence from epidemiological studies and RCTs will be reviewed, and recommendations reflecting the current state of knowledge will be made with regard to both fish consumption and omega-3 fatty acid (plant- and marine-derived) supplementation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (dart)
Michael Leslie Burr,J. F. Gilbert,R. M. Holliday,Peter Creighton Elwood,Ann M. Fehily,S. Rogers,P. M. Sweetnam,N. M. Deadman +7 more
TL;DR: A modest intake of fatty fish (two or three portions per week) may reduce mortality in men who have recovered from MI.
Journal ArticleDOI
Fish Intake, Contaminants, and Human Health: Evaluating the Risks and the Benefits
Dariush Mozaffarian,Eric B. Rimm +1 more
TL;DR: For major health outcomes among adults, the benefits of fish intake exceed the potential risks, and for women of childbearing age, benefits of modest fish intake, excepting a few selected species, also outweigh risks.