Q2. What have the authors stated for future works in "Smart charging of electric vehicles with photovoltaic power and vehicle-to-grid technology in a microgrid; a case study" ?
In this paper the authors present a model developed to study the increase in self-consumption of PV power by smart charging EVs using smart grid technology. In further research at LomboXnet the authors plan to empirically quantify the impact of V2G on battery lifetime. The benefits of V2G will have to be weighed against this issue. Upscaling the microgrid will lower the scores for their indicators.
Q3. What is the main reason for the increase in power transport?
A higher penetration level of PV and EVs will increase power transport over the electricity grid, requiring grid investments to prevent overloads [3,4].
Q4. What is the potential of car sharing?
Car sharing is becoming increasingly popular worldwide [24] and also in the Netherlands3 and it has a great potential to reduce the environmental impact of personal transportation [25–27].
Q5. How many EVs can be used in Japan?
For instance, Zhang et al. [16] show that by using smart charging one million EVs combined with one million heat pumps can reduce excess PV power by 3 TW h for the Kansai Area, Japan.
Q6. What are the three indicators used to give an indication of the impact of the control algorithms on battery?
to give an indication of the impact of the control algorithms on battery lifetime the authors use three indicators: energy throughput, rate of charge and discharge and SOC.
Q7. What are the main issues related to the integration of clean technologies?
Issues related to the grid integration of clean technologies can occur both at the energy supply side, with technologies such as photovoltaics (PV), and on the demand side, with technologies such as electric vehicles (EV).
Q8. How does Kempton and Tomi express battery lifetime?
To evaluate the economics of V2G, Kempton and Tomić [37] express battery lifetime in energy throughput as a function of cycle lifetime, battery capacity and DOD for which the cycle lifetime was determined.
Q9. What is the effect of the random value of the SOC at t 14 ?
This is an issue because for every simulation a random value for the SOC at t ¼ 0 is set, significantly effecting results as opposed to simulating longer time periods.
Q10. How much energy throughput does LP increase for the Tesla Model S?
Compared to using no V2G, using LP increases energy throughput by factor 3.0 for the Tesla Model S and by factor 4.0 for the Nissan Leaf.
Q11. Why is a Tesla Model S preferable to a Nissan Leaf?
their results indicate that using a Tesla Model S (or similar) is preferable to using a Nissan Leaf (or similar), due to the larger battery capacity and charging power of the first.
Q12. What is the case study of Lombok?
Their case study is LomboXnet2, a company providing internet connection to about 2500 people in Lombok, a neighbourhood in Utrecht, the Netherlands.
Q13. What is the average energy sent to the grid?
In the absence of V2G, self-consumption and peak reduction is slightly higher in the upscaled microgrid, although in absolute terms energy sent to the grid increases.
Q14. What are the benefits of using smart charging and V2G in a microgrid?
Despite several model limitations, their results clearly demonstrate the benefits of using smart charging and V2G in a microgrid and show how different sustainable energy and transport technologies can be combined in a manner that will reduce any negative impact on the existing energy infrastructure.
Q15. What factors could be of interest to users of the technology?
Factors not incorporated in the objective function could be of interest to users of the technology, such as costs or power quality.