Book ChapterDOI
Structural Analysis of Offline Handwritten Mathematical Expressions
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TLDR
In this article, a two-dimensional, stochastic context-free grammar is used for the structural analysis of offline handwritten mathematical expressions in a document image and the spatial relation between characters in an expression has been incorporated so that the structural variability in handwritten expressions can be tackled.Abstract:
Structural analysis helps in parsing the mathematical expressions. Various approaches for structural analysis have been reported in literature, but they mainly deal with online and printed expressions. In this work, two-dimensional, stochastic context-free grammar is used for the structural analysis of offline handwritten mathematical expressions in a document image. The spatial relation between characters in an expression has been incorporated so that the structural variability in handwritten expressions can be tackled.read more
References
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Proceedings ArticleDOI
Recognition of Equations Using a Two-Dimensional Stochastic Context-Free Grammar
TL;DR: This work proposes using two-dimensional stochastic context-free grammars for image recognition, in a manner analogous to using hidden Markov models for speech recognition, and demonstrates the value of the approach in a system that recognizes printed, noisy equations.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recognition of online handwritten mathematical expressions
Utpal Garain,Bidyut B. Chaudhuri +1 more
TL;DR: This paper aims at automatic understanding of online handwritten mathematical expressions (MEs) written on an electronic tablet using a context-free grammar to convert the input expressions into their corresponding T/sub E/X strings which are subsequently converted into MathML format.
Journal ArticleDOI
Recognition of on-line handwritten mathematical expressions using 2D stochastic context-free grammars and hidden Markov models
TL;DR: In this article, a formal model for the recognition of on-line handwritten mathematical expressions using 2D stochastic context-free grammars and hidden Markov models is described.
Proceedings Article
Ambiguity and constraint in mathematical expression recognition
Erik G. Miller,Paul A. Viola +1 more
TL;DR: A new lower bound estimate on the cost to goal that improves performance significantly is provided and the system limits the number of potentially valid interpretations by decomposing the expressions into a sequence of compatible convex regions.
Journal ArticleDOI
A new approach for recognizing handwritten mathematics using relational grammars and fuzzy sets
Scott MacLean,George Labahn +1 more
TL;DR: A fast, incremental parsing algorithm is developed, motivated by the two-dimensional structure of written mathematics, and a correction mechanism is developed that allows users to navigate parse results and choose the correct interpretation in case of recognition errors or ambiguity.