Journal ArticleDOI
The competing language systems of the multilingual: A developmental study of decoding and encoding processes.
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TLDR
In this article, a cross-section method was used to study the developmental changes in elementary decoding and encoding processes of 163 Swedish-German bilingual students, whose length of residence in Sweden varied.About:
This article is published in Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior.The article was published on 1979-02-01. It has received 142 citations till now. The article focuses on the topics: Verbal learning & Multilingualism.read more
Citations
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The Language Experience and Proficiency Questionnaire (LEAP-Q): assessing language profiles in bilinguals and multilinguals.
TL;DR: The LEAP-Q is a valid, reliable, and efficient tool for assessing the language profiles of multilingual, neurologically intact adult populations in research settings.
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Factors affecting strength of perceived foreign accent in a second language
TL;DR: Foreign accents were evident in sentences spoken by many NI subjects who had begun learning English long before what is traditionally considered to be the end of a critical period, and Gender was also found to influence degree of foreign accent.
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Evidence for Multicompetence
TL;DR: This article showed that people with multicompetence are not simply equivalent to two monolinguals but are a unique combination of knowledge of an L2 and knowledge of a L1.
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More Use Almost Always Means a Smaller Frequency Effect: Aging, Bilingualism, and the Weaker Links Hypothesis.
TL;DR: The effects of increased word use associated with monolingualism, language dominance, and increased age on picture naming times are contrasted to challenge competition based accounts of bilingual disadvantages in language production, and illustrate how between-group processing differences may emerge from cognitive mechanisms general to all speakers.
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Control, activation, and resource: a framework and a model for the control of speech in bilinguals.
TL;DR: A framework for examining the way in which bilinguals control the use of their two languages is proposed, compatible with current findings, makes predictions about the performance of normal as well as brain-damaged bilinguals, and explains some previously puzzling findings.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
Free recall of trilingual lists
Endel Tulving,Victor A Colotla +1 more
TL;DR: The authors found that a multilingual person's different languages exist in relative isolation from each other, and that organization of list words into higher-order memory units is more difficult between different languages than within a single language.
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Linguistic independence of bilinguals: The input switch
TL;DR: The main conclusions were that switching languages in input takes an observable amount of time, that the input language switch is automatic, thatThe input and output switches operate sequentially and independently, and that bilinguals do not usually translate from their weaker to their stronger language.
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Interlingual word associations
TL;DR: This paper found that only about one-third of the responses in one language translated those in the other, and the proportion did not differ very much whether the word associations were intralingual or interlingual.
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Interlingual interference in a bilingual version of the Stroop color-word task.
TL;DR: This paper examined the functional relations between the bilingual's two languages and found that interference in the interlingual situation is in some cases as large as in the intralingual situation, depending on the degree of skill in the two languages as well as stimulus similarities on the two cards.