Journal ArticleDOI
The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity
Aviva Must,Jennifer L. Spadano,Eugenie Coakley,Alison E. Field,Graham A. Colditz,William H. Dietz +5 more
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TLDR
A graded increase in the prevalence ratio (PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood cholesterol level in both men and women.Abstract:
ContextOverweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in the United States
and most likely contribute substantially to the burden of chronic health conditions.ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between weight status and prevalence of
health conditions by severity of overweight and obesity in the US population.Design and SettingNationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which
was conducted in 2 phases from 1988 to 1994.ParticipantsA total of 16,884 adults, 25 years and older, classified as overweight
and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) based on National
Institutes of Health recommended guidelines.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, coronary
heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or osteoarthritis.ResultsSixty-three percent of men and 55% of women had a body mass index of
25 kg/m2 or greater. A graded increase in the prevalence ratio
(PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all
of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood
cholesterol level in both men and women. With normal-weight individuals as
the reference, for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 kg/m2 and
who were younger than 55 years, PRs were highest for type 2 diabetes for men
(PR, 18.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-46.8) and women (PR, 12.9; 95%
CI, 5.7-28.1) and gallbladder disease for men (PR, 21.1; 95% CI, 4.1-84.2)
and women (PR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-8.9). Prevalence ratios generally were greater
in younger than in older adults. The prevalence of having 2 or more health
conditions increased with weight status category across all racial and ethnic
subgroups.ConclusionsBased on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered
overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes
the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just
its associated comorbidities.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Obesity Is Associated with Reduced Self-Rated General Health Status: Evidence from a Representative Sample of White, Black, and Hispanic Americans
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that obesity has a negative impact on self-rated health among adults, even in the absence of chronic disease conditions, and the need to craft national preventive strategies to curb obesity in at-risk population groups is underscored.
Journal ArticleDOI
Early risk factors for increased adiposity: a cohort study of African American subjects followed from birth to young adulthood
Nicolas Stettler,Andrew M. Tershakovec,Babette S. Zemel,Mary B. Leonard,Raymond C. Boston,Solomon H. Katz,Virginia A. Stallings +6 more
TL;DR: This cohort study of African American subjects was the first to identify first-born status as an independent risk factor for increased adiposity in adulthood in a US population, strengthening previous reports of the effect of female sex and maternal BMI on adulthood obesity.
Journal ArticleDOI
Changes in risk factors for cardiovascular disease by baseline weight status in young adults who maintain or gain weight over 15 years: the CARDIA study
Kimberly P. Truesdale,June Stevens,Cora E. Lewis,Pamela J. Schreiner,Catherine M. Loria,Jianwen Cai +5 more
TL;DR: Baseline weight status does not appear to influence the size or direction of risk factor changes among adults who maintained their weight over 15 years, and weight gain was associated with changes in some risk factors differentially by baseline weight status.
Journal ArticleDOI
Health status, health behaviors, and acculturation factors associated with overweight and obesity in Latinos from a community and agricultural labor camp survey.
TL;DR: The associations of acculturation, exercise, and diet to BMI implicate societal as well as individual contributors to obesity among U.S. Latinos.
Journal ArticleDOI
Management of the Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification
TL;DR: Evidence to date indicates low long-term adherence to diet and physical activity recommendations, which calls for greater research and public health efforts focusing on strategies to facilitate behavior modification.
References
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Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic
D. S. Akram,Arne Astrup,T. Atinmo,J. L. Boissin,George A. Bray,K. Carroll,P. Chitson,C. Chunming,William H. Dietz,James O. Hill,Eric Jéquier,C. Komodiki,Yuji Matsuzawa,W. F. Mollentze,K. Moosa,M.I. Noor,K.S. Reddy,Jacob C. Seidell,V. Tanphaichitr,Ricardo Uauy,Paul Zimmet +20 more
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What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes.
Jun Zhang,Kai F. Yu +1 more
TL;DR: This work proposes a simple method to approximate a risk ratio from the adjusted odds ratio and derive an estimate of an association or treatment effect that better represents the true relative risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
TL;DR: Between 1976–80 and 1988–94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) increased markedly in the US, in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
Maureen I Harris,Katherine M. Flegal,Catherine C. Cowie,Mark S. Eberhardt,David E. Goldstein,Randie R. Little,Hsiao-Mei Wiedmeyer,Danita D. Byrd-Holt +7 more
TL;DR: The high rates of abnormal fasting and postchallenge glucose found in NHANES III, together with the increasing frequency of obesity and sedentary lifestyles in the population, make it likely that diabetes will continue to be a major health problem in the U.S.