Journal ArticleDOI
The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity
Aviva Must,Jennifer L. Spadano,Eugenie Coakley,Alison E. Field,Graham A. Colditz,William H. Dietz +5 more
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TLDR
A graded increase in the prevalence ratio (PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood cholesterol level in both men and women.Abstract:
ContextOverweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in the United States
and most likely contribute substantially to the burden of chronic health conditions.ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between weight status and prevalence of
health conditions by severity of overweight and obesity in the US population.Design and SettingNationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which
was conducted in 2 phases from 1988 to 1994.ParticipantsA total of 16,884 adults, 25 years and older, classified as overweight
and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) based on National
Institutes of Health recommended guidelines.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, coronary
heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or osteoarthritis.ResultsSixty-three percent of men and 55% of women had a body mass index of
25 kg/m2 or greater. A graded increase in the prevalence ratio
(PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all
of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood
cholesterol level in both men and women. With normal-weight individuals as
the reference, for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 kg/m2 and
who were younger than 55 years, PRs were highest for type 2 diabetes for men
(PR, 18.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-46.8) and women (PR, 12.9; 95%
CI, 5.7-28.1) and gallbladder disease for men (PR, 21.1; 95% CI, 4.1-84.2)
and women (PR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-8.9). Prevalence ratios generally were greater
in younger than in older adults. The prevalence of having 2 or more health
conditions increased with weight status category across all racial and ethnic
subgroups.ConclusionsBased on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered
overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes
the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just
its associated comorbidities.read more
Citations
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Journal ArticleDOI
Use of beta-blockers in obesity hypertension: potential role of weight gain.
Tobias Pischon,A. M. Sharma +1 more
TL;DR: The use of beta‐blockers as first‐line therapy for overweight or obese patients with uncomplicated hypertension is questioned and may have other negative effects on energy metabolism.
Journal ArticleDOI
Considerations for an obesity policy research agenda.
Robin A. McKinnon,C. Tracy Orleans,Shiriki K. Kumanyika,Debra Haire-Joshu,Susan M. Krebs-Smith,Eric A. Finkelstein,Kelly D. Brownell,Joseph W. Thompson,Rachel Ballard-Barbash +8 more
TL;DR: The embryonic nature of obesity policy research, the need to study "natural experiments" resulting from policy-based efforts to address the obesity epidemic, and the importance of research focused beyond individual-level behavior change are among themes.
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The effect of prices on nutrition: Comparing the impact of product- and nutrient-specific taxes
TL;DR: This paper develops a new method of partitioning the product space into relevant nutritional clusters that define a set of nutritionally-bundled goods, which parsimoniously characterize consumer choice sets, and estimates a large utility-derived demand system over this joint product-nutrient space that allows for price and expenditure elasticities.
Journal ArticleDOI
Dietary fat reduction behaviors in college students : relationship to dieting status, gender and key psychosocial variables
TL;DR: The finding that females in general and female dieters in particular, scored higher on the EAT dieting subscale, and relied on three of the four dietary fat reduction behaviors to a greater extent than did males, supports the assertion that women rely heavily on dietary fat avoidance as a method to reduce caloric intakes.
Journal ArticleDOI
Endothelial t-PA release is impaired in overweight and obese adults but can be improved with regular aerobic exercise
Gary P. Van Guilder,Greta L. Hoetzer,Derek T. Smith,Heather M. Irmiger,Jared J. Greiner,Brian L. Stauffer,Christopher A. DeSouza +6 more
TL;DR: The results indicate that overweight and obesity are associated with profound endothelial fibrinolytic dysfunction, and regular aerobic exercise can increase the capacity of the endothelium to release t-PA in this at-risk population.
References
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Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic
D. S. Akram,Arne Astrup,T. Atinmo,J. L. Boissin,George A. Bray,K. Carroll,P. Chitson,C. Chunming,William H. Dietz,James O. Hill,Eric Jéquier,C. Komodiki,Yuji Matsuzawa,W. F. Mollentze,K. Moosa,M.I. Noor,K.S. Reddy,Jacob C. Seidell,V. Tanphaichitr,Ricardo Uauy,Paul Zimmet +20 more
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What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes.
Jun Zhang,Kai F. Yu +1 more
TL;DR: This work proposes a simple method to approximate a risk ratio from the adjusted odds ratio and derive an estimate of an association or treatment effect that better represents the true relative risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
TL;DR: Between 1976–80 and 1988–94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) increased markedly in the US, in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
Maureen I Harris,Katherine M. Flegal,Catherine C. Cowie,Mark S. Eberhardt,David E. Goldstein,Randie R. Little,Hsiao-Mei Wiedmeyer,Danita D. Byrd-Holt +7 more
TL;DR: The high rates of abnormal fasting and postchallenge glucose found in NHANES III, together with the increasing frequency of obesity and sedentary lifestyles in the population, make it likely that diabetes will continue to be a major health problem in the U.S.