Journal ArticleDOI
The Disease Burden Associated with Overweight and Obesity
Aviva Must,Jennifer L. Spadano,Eugenie Coakley,Alison E. Field,Graham A. Colditz,William H. Dietz +5 more
Reads0
Chats0
TLDR
A graded increase in the prevalence ratio (PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood cholesterol level in both men and women.Abstract:
ContextOverweight and obesity are increasing dramatically in the United States
and most likely contribute substantially to the burden of chronic health conditions.ObjectiveTo describe the relationship between weight status and prevalence of
health conditions by severity of overweight and obesity in the US population.Design and SettingNationally representative cross-sectional survey using data from the
Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), which
was conducted in 2 phases from 1988 to 1994.ParticipantsA total of 16,884 adults, 25 years and older, classified as overweight
and obese (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m2) based on National
Institutes of Health recommended guidelines.Main Outcome MeasuresPrevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus, gallbladder disease, coronary
heart disease, high blood cholesterol level, high blood pressure, or osteoarthritis.ResultsSixty-three percent of men and 55% of women had a body mass index of
25 kg/m2 or greater. A graded increase in the prevalence ratio
(PR) was observed with increasing severity of overweight and obesity for all
of the health outcomes except for coronary heart disease in men and high blood
cholesterol level in both men and women. With normal-weight individuals as
the reference, for individuals with BMIs of at least 40 kg/m2 and
who were younger than 55 years, PRs were highest for type 2 diabetes for men
(PR, 18.1; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6.7-46.8) and women (PR, 12.9; 95%
CI, 5.7-28.1) and gallbladder disease for men (PR, 21.1; 95% CI, 4.1-84.2)
and women (PR, 5.2; 95% CI, 2.9-8.9). Prevalence ratios generally were greater
in younger than in older adults. The prevalence of having 2 or more health
conditions increased with weight status category across all racial and ethnic
subgroups.ConclusionsBased on these results, more than half of all US adults are considered
overweight or obese. The prevalence of obesity-related comorbidities emphasizes
the need for concerted efforts to prevent and treat obesity rather than just
its associated comorbidities.read more
Citations
More filters
Journal ArticleDOI
A Proposed Model Linking Inflammation to Obesity, Diabetes, and Periodontal Infections
TL;DR: Obesity is a significant predictor of periodontal disease and insulin resistance appears to mediate this relationship, and obesity is associated with high plasma levels of TNFα and its soluble receptors, which in turn may lead to a hyperinflammatory state increasing the risk for periodontAL disease and also accounting in part for insulin resistance.
Journal ArticleDOI
Physical Activity Among Children Attending Preschools
TL;DR: Children's physical activity levels were highly variable among preschools, which suggests that preschool policies and practices have an important influence on the overall activity levels of the children the preschools serve.
Journal ArticleDOI
Why Don't Low-Income Mothers Worry About Their Preschoolers Being Overweight?
Anjali Jain,Susan N. Sherman,Leigh A. Chamberlin,Yvette Carter,Yvette Carter,Scott W. Powers,Scott W. Powers,Robert C. Whitaker,Robert C. Whitaker +8 more
TL;DR: Health professionals should not assume that defining overweight according to the growth charts has meaning for all mothers, and both groups agree that children should be physically active and have healthy diets.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Influence of Age and Sex on Genetic Associations with Adult Body Size and Shape: A Large-Scale Genome-Wide Interaction Study
Thomas W. Winkler,Anne E. Justice,Mariaelisa Graff,Llilda Barata,Mary F. Feitosa,Su H. Chu,Jacek Czajkowski,Tõnu Esko,Tove Fall,Tuomas O. Kilpeläinen,Yingchang Lu,Reedik Mägi,Evelin Mihailov,Tune H. Pers,Sina Rüeger,Alexander Teumer,Georg Ehret,Teresa Ferreira,Nancy L. Heard-Costa,Juha Karjalainen,Vasiliki Lagou,Anubha Mahajan,Michael D. Neinast,Inga Prokopenko,Jeannette Simino,Tanya M. Teslovich,Rick Jansen,Harm-Jan Westra,Charles C. White,Devin Absher,Tarunveer S. Ahluwalia,Shafqat Ahmad,Eva Albrecht,Alexessander Couto Alves,Jennifer L. Bragg-Gresham,Anton J. M. de Craen,Joshua C. Bis,Amélie Bonnefond,Gabrielle Boucher,Gemma Cadby,Yu-Ching Cheng,Charleston W. K. Chiang,Graciela Delgado,Ayse Demirkan,Nicole Dueker,Niina Eklund,Gudny Eiriksdottir,Joel Eriksson,Bjarke Feenstra,Krista Fischer,Francesca Frau,Tessel E. Galesloot,Frank Geller,Anuj Goel,Mathias Gorski,Tanja B. Grammer,Stefan Gustafsson,Saskia Haitjema,Jouke-Jan Hottenga,Jennifer E. Huffman,Anne U. Jackson,Kevin B. Jacobs,Åsa Johansson,Marika Kaakinen,Marcus E. Kleber,Jari Lahti,Irene Mateo Leach,Benjamin Lehne,Youfang Liu,Ken Sin Lo,Mattias Lorentzon,Jian'an Luan,Pamela A. F. Madden,Massimo Mangino,Barbara McKnight,Carolina Medina-Gomez,Keri L. Monda,May E. Montasser,Gabriele Müller,Martina Müller-Nurasyid,Ilja M. Nolte,Kalliope Panoutsopoulou,Laura Pascoe,Lavinia Paternoster,Nigel W. Rayner,Frida Renström,Federica Rizzi,Lynda M. Rose,Kathy Ryan,Perttu Salo,Serena Sanna,Hubert Scharnagl,Jianxin Shi,Albert V. Smith,Lorraine Southam,Alena Stančáková,Valgerdur Steinthorsdottir,Rona J. Strawbridge,Yun Ju Sung,Ioanna Tachmazidou,Toshiko Tanaka,Gudmar Thorleifsson,Stella Trompet,Natalia Pervjakova,Jonathan Tyrer,Liesbeth Vandenput,Sander W. van der Laan,Nathalie van der Velde,Jessica van Setten,Jana V. van Vliet-Ostaptchouk,Niek Verweij,Efthymia Vlachopoulou,Lindsay L. Waite,Sophie R. Wang,Zhaoming Wang,Sarah H. Wild,Christina Willenborg,James F. Wilson,Andrew Wong,Jian Yang,Loic Yengo,Laura M. Yerges-Armstrong,Lei Yu,Weihua Zhang,Jing Hua Zhao,Ehm A. Andersson,Stephan J. L. Bakker,Damiano Baldassarre,Karina Banasik,Matteo Barcella,Cristina Barlassina,Claire Bellis,Paola Benaglio,John Blangero,Matthias Blüher,Fabrice Bonnet,Lori L. Bonnycastle,Heather A. Boyd,Marcel Bruinenberg,Aron S. Buchman,Harry Campbell,Yii-Der Ida Chen,Peter S. Chines,Simone Claudi-Boehm,John B. Cole,Francis S. Collins,Eco J. C. de Geus,Lisette C. P. G. M. de Groot,Maria Dimitriou,Jubao Duan,Stefan Enroth,Elodie Eury,Aliki-Eleni Farmaki,Nita G. Forouhi,Nele Friedrich,Pablo V. Gejman,Bruna Gigante,Nicola Glorioso,Alan S. Go,Omri Gottesman,Jürgen Gräßler,Harald Grallert,Niels Grarup,Yu Mei Gu,Linda Broer,Annelies C. Ham,Torben Hansen,Tamara B. Harris,Catharina A. Hartman,Maija Hassinen,Nicholas D. Hastie,Andrew T. Hattersley,Andrew C. Heath,Anjali K. Henders,Dena G. Hernandez,Hans L. Hillege,Oddgeir L. Holmen,Kees Hovingh,Jennie Hui,Lise Lotte N. Husemoen,Nina Hutri-Kähönen,Pirro G. Hysi,Thomas Illig,Philip L. De Jager,Shapour Jalilzadeh,Torben Jørgensen,J. Wouter Jukema,Markus Juonala,Stavroula Kanoni,Maria Karaleftheri,Kay-Tee Khaw,Leena Kinnunen,Steven J. Kittner,Wolfgang Koenig,Ivana Kolcic,Peter Kovacs,Nikolaj T. Krarup,Wolfgang Kratzer,Janine Krüger,Diana Kuh,Meena Kumari,Theodosios Kyriakou,Claudia Langenberg,Lars Lannfelt,Chiara Lanzani,Vaneet Lotay,Lenore J. Launer,Karin Leander,Jaana Lindström,Allan Linneberg,Yan Ping Liu,Stéphane Lobbens,Robert Luben,Valeriya Lyssenko,Satu Männistö,Patrik K. E. Magnusson,Wendy L. McArdle,Cristina Menni,Sigrun Merger,Lili Milani,Grant W. Montgomery,Andrew P. Morris,Narisu Narisu,Mari Nelis,Ken K. Ong,Aarno Palotie,Louis Pérusse,Irene Pichler,Maria Grazia Pilia,Anneli Pouta,Myriam Rheinberger,Rasmus Ribel-Madsen,Marcus Richards,Kenneth Rice,Treva Rice,Carlo Rivolta,Veikko Salomaa,Alan R. Sanders,Mark A. Sarzynski,Salome Scholtens,Robert A. Scott,William R. Scott,Sylvain Sebert,Sebanti Sengupta,Bengt Sennblad,Thomas Seufferlein,Angela Silveira,P. Eline Slagboom,Jan Smit,Thomas Sparsø,Kathleen Stirrups,Ronald P. Stolk,Heather M. Stringham,Morris A. Swertz,Amy J. Swift,Ann-Christine Syvänen,Sian Tsung Tan,Barbara Thorand,Anke Tönjes,Angelo Tremblay,Emmanouil Tsafantakis,Peter J. van der Most,Uwe Völker,Marie-Claude Vohl,Judith M. Vonk,Melanie Waldenberger,Ryan W. Walker,Roman Wennauer,Elisabeth Widen,Gonneke Willemsen,Tom Wilsgaard,Alan F. Wright,M. Carola Zillikens,Suzanne C. van Dijk,Natasja M. van Schoor,Folkert W. Asselbergs,Paul I.W. de Bakker,Jacques S. Beckmann,John Beilby,David A. Bennett,Richard N. Bergman,Sven Bergmann,Carsten A. Böger,Bernhard O. Boehm,Eric Boerwinkle,Dorret I. Boomsma,Stefan R. Bornstein,Erwin P. Bottinger,Claude Bouchard,John C. Chambers,Stephen J. Chanock,Daniel I. Chasman,Francesco Cucca,Daniele Cusi,George Dedoussis,Jeanette Erdmann,Johan G. Eriksson,Denis A. Evans,Ulf de Faire,Martin Farrall,Luigi Ferrucci,Ian Ford,Lude Franke,Paul W. Franks,Philippe Froguel,Ron T. Gansevoort,Christian Gieger,Henrik Grönberg,Vilmundur Gudnason,Ulf Gyllensten,Per Hall,Anders Hamsten,Pim van der Harst,Caroline Hayward,Markku Heliövaara,Christian Hengstenberg,Andrew A. Hicks,Aroon D. Hingorani,Albert Hofman,Frank B. Hu,Heikki V. Huikuri,Kristian Hveem,Alan L. James,Joanne M. Jordan,Antti Jula,Mika Kähönen,Eero Kajantie,Sekar Kathiresan,Lambertus A. Kiemeney,Mika Kivimäki,Paul Knekt,Heikki A. Koistinen,Jaspal S. Kooner,Seppo Koskinen,Johanna Kuusisto,Winfried Maerz,Nicholas G. Martin,Markku Laakso,Timo A. Lakka,Terho Lehtimäki,Guillaume Lettre,Douglas F. Levinson,Lars Lind,Marja-Liisa Lokki,Pekka Mäntyselkä,Mads Melbye,Andres Metspalu,Braxton D. Mitchell,Frans L. Moll,Jeffrey C. Murray,Arthur W. Musk,Markku S. Nieminen,Inger Njølstad,Claes Ohlsson,Albertine J. Oldehinkel,Ben A. Oostra,Lyle J. Palmer,James S. Pankow,Gerard Pasterkamp,Nancy L. Pedersen,Oluf Pedersen,Brenda W.J.H. Penninx,Markus Perola,Annette Peters,Ozren Polasek,Peter P. Pramstaller,Bruce M. Psaty,Lu Qi,Thomas Quertermous,Olli T. Raitakari,Tuomo Rankinen,Rainer Rauramaa,Paul M. Ridker,John D. Rioux,Fernando Rivadeneira,Jerome I. Rotter,Igor Rudan,Hester M. den Ruijter,Juha Saltevo,Naveed Sattar,Heribert Schunkert,Peter Schwarz,Alan R. Shuldiner,Juha Sinisalo,Harold Snieder,Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,Tim D. Spector,Jan A. Staessen,Bandinelli Stefania,Unnur Thorsteinsdottir,Michael Stumvoll,Jean-Claude Tardif,Elena Tremoli,Jaakko Tuomilehto,André G. Uitterlinden,Matti Uusitupa,André L. M. Verbeek,Sita H. Vermeulen,Jorma Viikari,Veronique Vitart,Henry Völzke,Peter Vollenweider,Gérard Waeber,Mark Walker,Henri Wallaschofski,Nicholas J. Wareham,Hugh Watkins,Eleftheria Zeggini,Aravinda Chakravarti,Deborah J. Clegg,L. Adrienne Cupples,Penny Gordon-Larsen,Cashell E. Jaquish,Dabeeru C. Rao,Gonçalo R. Abecasis,Themistocles L. Assimes,Inês Barroso,Sonja I. Berndt,Michael Boehnke,Panos Deloukas,Caroline S. Fox,Leif Groop,David J. Hunter,Erik Ingelsson,Robert C. Kaplan,Mark I. McCarthy,Karen L. Mohlke,Jeffrey R. O'Connell,David Schlessinger,David P. Strachan,Kari Stefansson,Cornelia M. van Duijn,Joel N. Hirschhorn,Cecilia M. Lindgren,Iris M. Heid,Kari E. North,Ingrid B. Borecki,Zoltán Kutalik,Ruth J. F. Loos +438 more
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors performed meta-analyses of 114 studies with genome-wide chip and/or Metabochip data by the Genetic Investigation of Anthropometric Traits (GIANT) Consortium.
Journal ArticleDOI
The built environment and human activity patterns: exploring the impacts of urban form on public health
TL;DR: How walking and bicycling might be critically important exercise behaviors for improving public health, how urban form affects the frequency of walking and bicycles as a form of physical activity, and how the public health considerations might reorient planners’ thinking toward the realization of health-promotive environments are reviewed.
References
More filters
Obesity : Preventing and managing the global epidemic
D. S. Akram,Arne Astrup,T. Atinmo,J. L. Boissin,George A. Bray,K. Carroll,P. Chitson,C. Chunming,William H. Dietz,James O. Hill,Eric Jéquier,C. Komodiki,Yuji Matsuzawa,W. F. Mollentze,K. Moosa,M.I. Noor,K.S. Reddy,Jacob C. Seidell,V. Tanphaichitr,Ricardo Uauy,Paul Zimmet +20 more
Journal Article
Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults : the evidence report
Journal ArticleDOI
What's the relative risk? A method of correcting the odds ratio in cohort studies of common outcomes.
Jun Zhang,Kai F. Yu +1 more
TL;DR: This work proposes a simple method to approximate a risk ratio from the adjusted odds ratio and derive an estimate of an association or treatment effect that better represents the true relative risk.
Journal ArticleDOI
Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960–1994
TL;DR: Between 1976–80 and 1988–94, the prevalence of obesity (BMI≥30.0) increased markedly in the US, in agreement with trends seen elsewhere in the world.
Journal ArticleDOI
Prevalence of diabetes, impaired fasting glucose, and impaired glucose tolerance in U.S. adults. The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.
Maureen I Harris,Katherine M. Flegal,Catherine C. Cowie,Mark S. Eberhardt,David E. Goldstein,Randie R. Little,Hsiao-Mei Wiedmeyer,Danita D. Byrd-Holt +7 more
TL;DR: The high rates of abnormal fasting and postchallenge glucose found in NHANES III, together with the increasing frequency of obesity and sedentary lifestyles in the population, make it likely that diabetes will continue to be a major health problem in the U.S.