Journal ArticleDOI
The Electrochemical Behavior of Calcium Electrodes in a Few Organic Electrolytes
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TLDR
The electrochemical behavior of calcium electrodes in a few important organic electrolyte has been investigated in this article, where various techniques including cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x-ray microanalysis were used in order to characterize discharge processes of calcium anodes in the various systems, and to correlate them with the surface chemistry and morphology of calcium in the electrolyte solutions.Abstract:
The electrochemical behavior of calcium electrodes in a few important organic electrolyte has been investigated. The solvents used included acetonitrile, tetrahydrofuran, γ‐butyrolactone, and propylene carbonate, and the salts included, , , and tetrabutyl ammonium salts (, ). Various techniques, including cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and x‐ray microanalysis were used in order to characterize discharge processes of calcium anodes in the various systems, and to correlate them with the surface chemistry and morphology of calcium in the electrolyte solutions. Some important surface species formed in the above systems were identified. It was found that, as with lithium, discharge of calcium anodes is surface film‐controlled. In contrast to lithium systems, however, calcium deposition in these solvent systems, either on calcium or noble metal electrodes, is impossible, due to the nature of the surface films formed.read more
Citations
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Quest for Nonaqueous Multivalent Secondary Batteries: Magnesium and Beyond
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Odyssey of Multivalent Cathode Materials: Open Questions and Future Challenges
Pieremanuele Canepa,Pieremanuele Canepa,Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam,Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam,Gopalakrishnan Sai Gautam,Daniel C. Hannah,Rahul Malik,Miao Liu,Kevin G. Gallagher,Kristin A. Persson,Gerbrand Ceder,Gerbrand Ceder,Gerbrand Ceder +12 more
TL;DR: A critical and rigorous analysis of the increasing volume of multivalent battery research, focusing on a wide range of intercalation cathode materials and the mechanisms ofMultivalent ion insertion and migration within those frameworks.
Journal ArticleDOI
Reversible calcium alloying enables a practical room-temperature rechargeable calcium-ion battery with a high discharge voltage.
TL;DR: A reversible calcium alloying/de-alloying reaction with the tin anode has been coupled with the intercalation/ de-intercalation of hexafluorophosphate in the graphite cathode to enable a calcium-ion battery that operates stably at room temperature.
Journal ArticleDOI
Current status and future directions of multivalent metal-ion batteries
TL;DR: The complexity of multivalent metal-ion chemistries has led to rampant confusions, technical challenges, and eventually doubts and uncertainties about the future of these technologies as discussed by the authors, leading to rampant confusion and technical challenges.
Journal ArticleDOI
Towards a calcium-based rechargeable battery
TL;DR: The results presented here constitute the first step towards the development of a new rechargeable battery technology using calcium anodes, and the reversibility of the process on cycling has been ascertained.
References
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Use of conductive materials to enhance lead-acid battery formation
TL;DR: A proprietary process developed at Johnson Controls for treating the positive plate with ozone to convert the lead oxide to conductive lead dioxide is described in this article, which has two effects: (i) it enhances formation by creating a conductive layer on the plate surface, and (ii) it oxidizes the free lead in the paste to lead oxide.