Journal ArticleDOI
The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings.
TLDR
Injection overuse and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide and there is a need for policies and plans for the safe and appropriate use of injections in countries where practices are poor.Abstract:
As part of the 2000 Global Burden of Disease study, we quantified the death and disability from injection-associated infections with hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). We modelled the fraction of incident infections attributable to health care injections in the year 2000 on the basis of the annual number of injections, the proportion of injections administered with reused equipment, the probability of transmission following percutaneous exposure, the prevalence of active infection, the prevalence of immunity and the total incidence. Infections in 2000 were converted into disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) in 2000-2030 using natural history parameters, background mortality, duration of disease, disability weights, age weights and a 3% discount rate. Four Global Burden of Disease regions where reuse of injection equipment in the absence of sterilization was negligible were excluded from the analysis. In the remaining 10 regions, in 2000, persons received an average of 3.4 injections per year, 39.3% of which were given with reused equipment. In 2000, contaminated injections caused an estimated 21 million HBV infections, two million HCV infections and 260,000 HIV infections, accounting for 32%, 40% and 5%, respectively, of new infections for a burden of 9,177,679 DALYs between 2000 and 2030. Injection overuse and unsafe practices account for a substantial burden of death and disability worldwide. There is a need for policies and plans for the safe and appropriate use of injections in countries where practices are poor.read more
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Journal ArticleDOI
Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection
TL;DR: Because there is no vaccine and no post-exposure prophylaxis for HCV, the focus of primary prevention efforts should be safer blood supply in the developing world, safe injection practices in health care and other settings, and decreasing the number of people who initiate injection drug use.
Journal ArticleDOI
Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis
Benedetta Allegranzi,Sepideh Bagheri Nejad,Christophe Combescure,Wilco Graafmans,Homa Attar,Liam Donaldson,Didier Pittet,Didier Pittet +7 more
TL;DR: The epidemiology of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries is assessed and a need to improve surveillance and infection-control practices is indicated.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection
TL;DR: The wave of increased HCV-related morbidity and mortality that the authors are now facing is the result of an unprecedented increase in the spread of HCV during the 20th century, and two 20th Century events appear to be responsible; the widespread availability of injectable therapies and the illicit use of injectables.
Journal ArticleDOI
Hepatitis B Virus Infection: Epidemiology and Vaccination
TL;DR: Making progress towards the elimination of HBV transmission will require sustainable vaccination programs with improved vaccination coverage, practical methods of measuring the impact of vaccination programs, and targeted vaccination efforts for communities at high risk of infection.
Journal ArticleDOI
Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and HIV co-infection
TL;DR: The characteristics of HIV infected persons differ according to the co-infecting hepatitis virus, their epidemiologic patterns may change over time, and surveillance systems are needed to monitor their infection patterns in order to ensure that prevention measures are targeted appropriately.
References
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Book
The global burden of disease: a comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases injuries and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020.
TL;DR: This is the first in a planned series of 10 volumes that will attempt to "summarize epidemiological knowledge about all major conditions and most risk factors" and use historical trends in main determinants to project mortality and disease burden forward to 2020.
Journal ArticleDOI
Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome
TL;DR: A random-primed complementary DNA library was constructed from plasma containing the uncharacterized non-A, non-B hepatitis agent and screened with serum from a patient diagnosed with NANBH, showing consistent with the agent being similar to the togaviridae or flaviviridae.
Journal ArticleDOI
Selected major risk factors and global and regional burden of disease
TL;DR: Substantial proportions of global disease burden are attributable to these major risks, to an extent greater than previously estimated.
Journal ArticleDOI
The Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994
Miriam J. Alter,Deanna Kruszon-Moran,Omana V. Nainan,Geraldine M. McQuillan,Fengxiang Gao,Linda A. Moyer,Richard A. Kaslow,Harold S. Margolis +7 more
TL;DR: The strongest factors independently associated with HCV infection were illegal drug use and high-risk sexual behavior, and poverty, having had 12 or fewer years of education, and having been divorced or separated were independently associated.
Journal ArticleDOI
The role of parenteral antischistosomal therapy in the spread of hepatitis C virus in Egypt
Christina Frank,Mostafa K. Mohamed,G. Thomas Strickland,Daniel Lavanchy,Ray R. Arthur,Laurence S. Magder,Taha El Khoby,Yehia Abdel-Wahab,El Said Aly Ohn,Wagida A. Anwar,Ismail Sallam +10 more
TL;DR: The data suggest that PAT had a major role in the spread of HCV throughout Egypt, and this intensive transmission established a large reservoir of chronic HCV infection, responsible for the high prevalence ofHCV infection and current high rates of transmission.