Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the U.S. population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2000.
Manori J. Silva,Dana B. Barr,John A. Reidy,Nicole A. Malek,Carolyn C. Hodge,Samuel P. Caudill,John W. Brock,Larry L. Needham,Antonia M. Calafat +8 more
TLDR
For example, this article measured the urinary monoester metabolites of seven commonly used phthalates in approximately 2,540 samples collected from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2000, who were greater than or equal to 6 years of age.Abstract:
We measured the urinary monoester metabolites of seven commonly used phthalates in approximately 2,540 samples collected from participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999-2000, who were greater than or equal to 6 years of age. We found detectable levels of metabolites monoethyl phthalate (MEP), monobutyl phthalate (MBP), monobenzyl phthalate (MBzP), and mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in > 75% of the samples, suggesting widespread exposure in the United States to diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate or diisobutylphthalate, benzylbutyl phthalate, and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, respectively. We infrequently detected monoisononyl phthalate, mono-cyclohexyl phthalate, and mono-n-octyl phthalate, suggesting that human exposures to di-isononyl phthalate, dioctylphthalate, and dicyclohexyl phthalate, respectively, are lower than those listed above, or the pathways, routes of exposure, or pharmacokinetic factors such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination are different. Non-Hispanic blacks had significantly higher concentrations of MEP than did Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic whites. Compared with adolescents and adults, children had significantly higher levels of MBP, MBzP, and MEHP but had significantly lower concentrations of MEP. Females had significantly higher concentrations of MEP and MBzP than did males, but similar MEHP levels. Of particular interest, females of all ages had significantly higher concentrations of the reproductive toxicant MBP than did males of all ages; however, women of reproductive age (i.e., 20-39 years of age) had concentrations similar to adolescent girls and women 40 years of age. These population data on exposure to phthalates will serve an important role in public health by helping to set research priorities and by establishing a nationally representative baseline of exposure with which population levels can be compared.read more
Citations
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Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure
Shanna H. Swan,Katharina M. Main,Fan Liu,Sara Stewart,Robin L. Kruse,Antonia M. Calafat,Catherine S. Mao,J. Bruce Redmon,Christine L. Ternand,S.J. Sullivan,J.Lynn Teague +10 more
TL;DR: The hypothesis that prenatal phthalate exposure at environmental levels can adversely affect male reproductive development in humans is supported.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phthalates: Toxicology and exposure
TL;DR: This paper presents an overview on current risk assessments done by expert panels as well as on exposure assessment data, based on ambient and on current human biomonitoring results, that prove that the tolerable intake of children is exceeded to a considerable degree.
Journal ArticleDOI
What are the sources of exposure to eight frequently used phthalic acid esters in Europeans
TL;DR: The scenario‐based approach chosen in the present study provides a link between the knowledge on emission sources of phthalates and the concentrations ofphthalate metabolites found in human urine, which demonstrates that exposure of infant and adult consumers is caused by different sources in many cases.
Journal ArticleDOI
Phthalates and human health
Russ Hauser,Antonia M. Calafat +1 more
TL;DR: The uses and metabolism of phthalates, and the studies on health effects ofphthalates in human populations published between 1973 and June 2005 are reviewed.
Journal ArticleDOI
Plastics and Health Risks
TL;DR: O Ongoing efforts to steer human society toward resource conservation and sustainable consumption are discussed, including the concept of the 5 Rs--i.e., reduce, reuse, recycle, rethink, restrain--for minimizing pre- and postnatal exposures to potentially harmful components of plastics.
References
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The Plasticizer Diethylhexyl Phthalate Induces Malformations by Decreasing Fetal Testosterone Synthesis during Sexual Differentiation in the Male Rat
Louise G. Parks,Joe Ostby,Christy R. Lambright,Barbara D. Abbott,Gary R. Klinefelter,Norman J. Barlow,L. Earl Gray +6 more
TL;DR: Data indicate that DEHP disrupts male rat sexual differentiation by reducing T to female levels in the fetal male rat during a critical stage of reproductive tract differentiation.
Journal ArticleDOI
Levels of seven urinary phthalate metabolites in a human reference population.
Benjamin C. Blount,Manori J. Silva,Samuel P. Caudill,Larry L. Needham,J. L. Pirkle,Eric J. Sampson,George W. Lucier,Richard J. Jackson,John W. Brock +8 more
TL;DR: It is strongly suggested that health-risk assessments for phthalate exposure in humans should include diethyl, dibutyl, and benzyl butyl phthalates.
Journal ArticleDOI
Male Reproductive Tract Malformations in Rats Following Gestational and Lactational Exposure to Di(n-butyl) Phthalate: An Antiandrogenic Mechanism?
TL;DR: DBP specifically impaired the androgen-dependent development of the male reproductive tract, suggesting that DBP is not estrogenic but antiandrogenic in the rat at these high dose levels.