Journal ArticleDOI
When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue
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TLDR
This study evaluates red eyes as a social and biological cue by contrasting the perception of eyes with normal ‘whites’ with copies of those eyes whose sclera were reddened by digital editing.Abstract:
Redness of the human eye is produced primarily by vasodilation of blood vessels of the conjunctiva, a membrane positioned over the sclera, the eye’s tough, white outer layer. Reddened eyes are a uniquely human cue because other primates lack the background of white sclera necessary to make the reddened conjunctiva visible. This study evaluates red eyes as a social and biological cue by contrasting the perception of eyes with normal ‘whites’ with copies of those eyes whose sclera were reddened by digital editing. Individuals with reddened sclera were perceived as sadder, less healthy, and less attractive than individuals with normal (white) sclera. Scleral whiteness joins such cues as smooth skin, long, lustrous hair, symmetry, averageness and sexually dimorphic traits as signs of health, beauty and reproductive fitness.read more
Citations
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Emotional expressions beyond facial muscle actions. A call for studying autonomic signals and their impact on social perception
TL;DR: This article argues for a broader exploration of emotion signals from sources beyond the face muscles that are more automatic and difficult to control and focuses on the perception of implicit sources such as gaze and tears and autonomic responses such as pupil-dilation, eyeblinks and blushing that are subtle yet visible to observers and because they can hardly be controlled or regulated by the sender, provide important “veridical” information.
Journal ArticleDOI
Facial contrast is a cue for perceiving health from the face.
Richard Russell,Aurélie Porcheron,Jennifer R. Sweda,Alex L. Jones,Emmanuelle Mauger,Frédérique Morizot +5 more
TL;DR: Evidence is reported that facial contrast-the luminance and color contrast between internal facial features and the surrounding skin-is a cue for the perception of health from the face, and this finding helps to ground the understanding of perceived health in terms of lower-level perceptual features such as contrast.
Journal ArticleDOI
Sclera Color Changes with Age and is a Cue for Perceiving Age, Health, and Beauty
TL;DR: It is reported that the color of the sclera is related to age in a large sample of adult Caucasian females, and older faces have sClera that are more dark, red, and yellow than younger faces.
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Gorillas with white sclera: A naturally occurring variation in a morphological trait linked to social cognitive functions
TL;DR: It is argued that white sclera evolved to amplify direct gazes in humans, which would have played a significant role in the development of ostensive communication, which is communication that both shows something and shows the intention to show something.
Journal ArticleDOI
Red, yellow, and super-white sclera : uniquely human cues for healthiness, attractiveness, and age.
TL;DR: This study evaluates scleral color as a cue of socially significant information about health, attractiveness, and age by contrasting the perception of eyes with normal whites with copies of those eyes whose whites were reddened, yellowed, or further whitened by digital editing.
References
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Journal ArticleDOI
The distributed human neural system for face perception.
TL;DR: A model for the organization of this system that emphasizes a distinction between the representation of invariant and changeable aspects of faces is proposed and is hierarchical insofar as it is divided into a core system and an extended system.
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Maxims or myths of beauty? A meta-analytic and theoretical review.
Judith H. Langlois,Lisa Kalakanis,Adam J. Rubenstein,Andrea Larson,Monica Hallam,Monica Smoot +5 more
TL;DR: Eleven meta-analyses evaluate social and fitness-related evolutionary theories and the veracity of maxims about beauty to demonstrate that raters agree about who is and is not attractive, both within and across cultures.
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The eyes have it: the neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze
TL;DR: The hypothesis that gaze following is "hard-wired" in the brain, and may be localized within a circuit linking the superior temporal sulcus, amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex is discussed.
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The evolutionary psychology of facial beauty.
TL;DR: It is argued that both kinds of selection pressures may have shaped the authors' perceptions of facial beauty.
Journal ArticleDOI
Cues of being watched enhance cooperation in a real-world setting
TL;DR: This paper examined the effect of an image of a pair of eyes on contributions to an honesty box used to collect money for drinks in a university coffee room and found that people paid nearly three times more for their drinks when eyes were displayed rather than a control image.
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