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The comparison results indicate that the SPM-EKF approach can obtain a reliable battery voltage response and a more accurate SoC estimation than other approaches.
Requirements vary somewhat for each type of battery, but a typical voltage monitoring system should meet specifications similar to those listed below.
The laboratory-scale experimental test results show superb accuracy and reliability of the proposed battery model for estimating battery SOE and terminal voltage under dynamic loads and battery ageing conditions.
In this paper, a computationally feasible two-step estimation approach is proposed that only uses voltage and current measurements of the battery under consideration.
Open circuit voltage is often used to estimate SOC of the battery, unfortunately, it is not easy to measure usually, and the hysteresis effect is a big challenge.
This article presents an analytical model that relates the battery voltage to the battery current, thus facilitating system design optimizations with respect to the battery performance.
The results include improved battery voltage predictions that provide the basis for more accurate state-of-function readings.
Experimental results show good convergence of SOC and voltage estimation, indicating that this new methodology can be applied to, at least, halve the voltage sensing in a battery pack.
The developed model was verified using static and pulse discharge profiles, showing a good accuracy in predicting the voltage of the tested Li–S battery cell.
The comparison of measured and simulated voltage profiles indicates an excellent performance of the battery model.