Showing papers on "Acetic acid published in 1969"

Histochemical identification of calcium oxalate

Abstract: Histochemistry of calcium oxalate has not been definitive. The present author has critically investigated various histochemical methods for calcium salts and finally found a new method advantageous to those hitherto reported.Celloidin models of calcium salts, rat kidneys of oxalosis induced with ethylene glycol and human materials were used for study.New method: Firstly calcium phosphate and carbonate are removed by immersing sections into 5% acetic acid for 30 minutes. Secondly the sections still containing calcium oxalate are made to react with 5% aqueous silver nitrate for 15 minutes, and thirdly the reaction product appears dark brown to black with the use of rubeanic acid (saturated rubeanic acid in 70% alcohol with 2 drops of strong ammonium for 1 minute) that is very sensitive to silver without loosing the definite localization of calcium oxalate. This method has a merit; it does not depend on weather or illumination and takes a shorter time than the Kossa method.A confident histochemical method for identifying calcium oxalate was established by combining this method with other characteristics of calcium oxalate such as the unstainability with hematoxylin, birefringency, solubility after incineration and gypsum formation.In the present study calcium oxalate was also found to react with lead besides silver and to appear brownish-black when one uses lead nitrate and ammonium polysulphide.

The glucan components of the cell wall of baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) considered in relation to its ultrastructure.

Abstract: 1. Commercial pressed baker's yeast, and cell walls prepared from it, were extracted in various ways and the products examined by a number of techniques, including infrared spectroscopy and electron microscopy. 2. The glucan components of the walls cannot be extracted from intact yeast cells by 3% (w/v) sodium hydroxide at 75 degrees , but at least one-third of the glucan of cell wall preparations is dissolved under these conditions, and more will dissolve after ultrasonic treatment. 3. If intact cells are given a preliminary treatment with acid the wall glucans dissolve in dilute aqueous alkali. 4. Acid conditions as mild as sodium acetate buffer, pH5.0, for 3hr. at 75 degrees are sufficient for this preliminary treatment; the glucan then dissolves in 3% sodium hydroxide at 75 degrees leaving a very small residue, which contains chitin and about 1% of the initial glucan of the wall. Dissolution is hindered by exclusion of air, or by a preliminary reduction with sodium borohydride, suggesting that some degradation of the glucan by alkali is taking place. 5. After treatment with 0.5m-acetic acid for 24hr. at 90 degrees the glucan dissolves slowly at room temperature in 3% sodium hydroxide, or in dimethyl sulphoxide. The extraction with acetic acid removes glycogen and a predominantly beta-(1-->6)-linked glucan (not hitherto recognized as a component of baker's yeast), but none of the beta-(1-->3)-glucan, which remains water-insoluble. 6. Without treatment with acid, the glucan is not significantly soluble in dimethyl sulphoxide, but can be induced to dissolve by ultrasonic treatment. 7. These results are interpreted by postulating the presence of an enclosing membrane, composed of chitin and glucan, that when intact acts as a semipermeable membrane preventing the escape of the alkali- and dimethyl sulphoxide-soluble fraction of the glucan. Mild acid treatments damage this membrane, and ultrasonic and ballistic disintegration disrupt it. 8. Some support for this hypothesis is given by the effects of certain enzyme preparations, which have been found to render a substantial part of the glucan extractable by dimethyl sulphoxide.

The chemical composition of the lipopolysaccharide of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Abstract: 1. Lipopolysaccharide was isolated from both cell walls and acetone-dried whole cells of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (N.C.T.C. 1999). 2. Closely similar products are obtained, although that from whole cells cannot be completely freed from small amounts (2–7%) of residual nucleic acids. 3. The lipid moiety (23–33%) has a similar amino sugar backbone to that of lipids of enterobacterial lipopolysaccharides, but contains different hydroxy acids (2- and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid and 3-hydroxydecanoic acid). 3-Hydroxytetradecanoic acid is absent, and 3-hydroxydodecanoic acid is the main N -acylating acid. No clear evidence permitting a distinction between the possibilities that phosphodiester or glycosidic linkages exist between the glucosamine residues was obtained. 4. Identifiable sugars (glucose, rhamnose, 3-deoxy-2-octulonic acid and heptose) account for less than 20% of the lipopolysaccharide, and alanine, galactosamine and fucosamine are apparently components of the polysaccharide moiety. 5. The polysaccharide moiety is unusual in that it is not readily obtained from the lipopolysaccharide by treatment with dilute acetic acid, which does, however, solubilize much of the phosphorus of the lipopolysaccharide. 6. The ‘polysaccharide’ fraction (approx. 21%) obtained by treatment with dilute acetic acid contains only a small proportion of the total polysaccharide components, and in one case only 45% of the fraction was accountable for in terms of identifiable components. 7. Evidence suggests that unidentified nitrogenous components are concentrated in the residual material after removal of both the lipid and the ‘polysaccharide’ fraction from the lipopolysaccharide.

Infrared spectroscopic studies of adsorption and catalysis. Part 3. Carboxylic acids and their derivatives adsorbed on silica

Abstract: Infrared spectra in the region 4000–1300 cm−1 have been obtained of acetic acid, acetyl chloride, acetic anhydride, propionic acid, and propionyl chloride adsorbed on discs of pressed silica powder. In all cases the spectra showed the presence of both the simple hydrogen-bonded specieswhere X = OH, Cl, or O.CO.R and Si* represents a surface silicon atom, and also chemisorbed surface ester groups R.CO.O—Si*. The latter were characterized by a νC=O frequency in the 1760–1740 cm−1 region, whereas in the case of hydrogen-bonded physical adsorption, the νC=O frequency was about 20–30 cm−1 lower than that of the same molecule in the vapor phase. At high temperatures (150–200 °C) the water or hydrogen chloride eliminated in the surface esterification reaction was desorbed, and high conversions of surface OH to surface ester groups were observed. Under these conditions the carboxylic acid was formed from both the chloride and the anhydride; the latter was also produced at room temperature from the acid chloride. ...

Process for the manufacture of vinyl acetate

Abstract: An improved process for the catalytic, vapor phase production of vinyl acetate from ethylene, acetic acid and molecular oxygen is shown. A catalyst for the synthesis reaction comprising metallic palladium and an alkali metal acetate or formate supported on an inert carrier is activated by including metallic gold therein. A preferred catalyst composition which shows substantially improved operating characteristics includes metallic palladium, an alkali metal acetate and metallic gold. Another preferred catalyst composition includes a low melting mixture of at least two alkali metal acetates.

Preparative conversion of oximes to parent carbonyl compounds by cerium(IV) oxidation

Abstract: Oximes and semicarbazones are oxidized by ceric ammonium nitrate to the parent carbonyl compound in good yield. Suitable solvent systems include aqueous alcohols, acetonitrile, and acetic acid. The...

Photoenhancement by Blue Light of Organogenesis in Tobacco Pith Cultures

Abstract: Agar-grown cultures of tobacco pith tissue (Wisconsin 38) were incubated in the dark or in the light for 36 days. With 1 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the medium, considerable differentiation, including organogenesis occurred in the light, but not in the dark. Such photoenhancement of differentiation did not occur when 2.4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) was substituted for IAA. Blue light of greater than 12 days duration was responsible for the photoenhancement effect.

Synthesis of β-alkyl and β-aryl π-allylic palladium halide complexes and its mechanistic aspects

Abstract: π-Allylic palladium halide complexes, substituted by an alkyl or aryl group at the central carbon atom, can be obtained in high yields in a one-step synthesis by introducing the appropriate olefin into a sodium chloropalladite solution in glacial acetic acid in the presence of sodium acetate at 85°C. The reaction has been found to proceed via the π-olefinic palladium complex, which is in equilibrium with small amounts of the π-allylic complex according to: An equivalent amount of sodium acetate shifts the equilibrium completely to the right-hand side. Specifically deuterated olefins can be obtained by dissolving the olefins in a solution of sodium chloropalladite in CH3COOD. Addition of sodium acetate after completion of the exchange affords the deuterated π-allyl complexes. The scope of the reaction and the mechanism are discussed.

Facile elimination accompanying some methyl sulfoxide oxidations. Formation of unsaturated carbohydrates

Abstract: Oxidation of some partially-acetylated carbohydrated with methyl sulfoxide, activated by sulfur trioxide–pyridine and triethylamine, leads to facile elimination of the elements of acetic acid and the formation of novel, unsaturated, derivatives.

Studies of nucleosides and nucleotides. XXXIX. Synthesis of 8-substituted purine nucleotides by the direct replacement reactions.

Abstract: 8-Bromo-AMP and 8-bromo-GMP, which are key intermediate for the synthesis of 8-substituted purine nucleotides, were synthesized directly from AMP and GMP by the bromination with bromine-water in buffer solution. 8-Bromo-MP's were converted to 8-oxy compounds by the reaction with sodium acetate in acetic anhydride or in acetic acid. 8-Dimethylamino-GMP was obtained by replacement of 8-bromo-atom with dimethylamine. These 8-substituted purine nucleoside monophosphates were derived to 5'-diphosphates via phosphoromorpholidate. A convenient synthesis of [α-32P]-8-bromo-ADP was described.

Integration of para-or meta-xylene oxidation to terephthalic acid or isophthalic acid and its purification by hydrogen treatment of aqueous solution

Abstract: 1. AN INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR CONVERING P-XYLENE OR M-XYLENE TO TEREPHTHALIC ACID OR ISOPHTHALIC ACID PRODUCT HAVING A PURITY OF AT LEAST 99.95 WEIGHT PERCENT WHICH COMPRISES: (A) OXIDATION OF P-XYLENE OR M-XYLENE IN AN OXIDATION ZONE WITH OXYGEN-CONTAINING GAS UNDER LIQUID PHASE CONDITIONS IN THE PRESENCE OF ACETIC ACID AS REACTION MEDIUM AND CATALYSIS AND REMOVAL OF OXIDATION EFFUENT CONTAINING A SLURRY OF ISO- OR TEREPHTHALIC ACID IN LIQUID ACETIC ACID FROM THE OXIDATION ZONE; (B) CONCENTRATING SAID FLUID OXIDATION ZONE EFFLUENT SLURRY THROUGH THE REMOVAL OF ACETIC ACID BY CENTRIFUGAL CLASSIFICATION TO A SLURRY HAVING A SOLIDS CONTENT OF 25 TO 40% BY WEIGHT; (C) CONTACTING SAID SLURRY CONCENTRATE IN A DISPLACEMENT ZONE WITH LIQUID WATER INTRODUCED INTO NEAR THE BOTTOM OF THE DISPLACEMENT ZONE AT A TEMPERATURE IN THE RANGE OF 40 TO 100*C. AND IN AN UPWARD MOVING AMOUNT EQUAL TO 0 TO 50 PERCENT OF THE ACETIC ACID MOTHER LIQUOR CONTENT OF SAID CONCENTRATION AND 100 WEIGHT PARTS OF WATER FOR EACH 10 TO 50 WEIGHT PARTS OF PHTHALIC ACID PRESENT IN SAID CONCENTRATION AND REMOVING DISPLACED ACETIC ACID MOTHER LIQUID AS AN OVERFLOW STREAM FROM THE TOP OF THE DISPLACEMENT ZONE WATER AND SLURRY OF 10 TO 50 WEIGHT PARTS OF IMPURE ISO- OR TEREPHTHALIC ACID IN 100 WEIGHT PARTS OF WATER FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE DISPLACEMENT ZONE; (D) PURIFYING SAID WITHDRAWN SLURRY CATALYTICALLY IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION; AND (E) RECOVERING CRYSTALLINE ACID PRODUCT AS A PRECIPITATE FROM SAID CATALYTICALLY TREATED SOLUTION.

Trapping of the methyl cation by carbon monoxide; formation of acetic acid from methane

Abstract: The formation of acetic acid from methane, carbon monoxide, antimony pentafluoride, and water is reported, confirming the occurrence of the methyl cation (CH3+) in the oligocondensation of methane and indicating that protonated methane (CH5+) is not involved in this reaction.

[63] Ion-exchange chromatography of citric acid cycle components and related compounds

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the Ion-exchange chromatography of citric acid cycle components and related compounds that were first applied in biochemical studies in the formate cycle and a formic acid gradient to elute organic acids. The variants of this procedure include use of ammonium formate-formic acid and acetate columns with an acetic acid gradient. These procedures are used widely to separate appreciable amounts of organic acids. The removal of large amounts of formic or acetic acids, or their ammonium salts, is time-consuming, and it is not well adapted for either the separation of nanomole quantities of citric acid cycle components or the simultaneous monitoring of radioactivity where isotopic acids are employed. Quantities of organic acids greatly in excess of 5 micromoles of individual components alter the pH and lead to peak distortion and displacement or both. Where certain acids elute together (overlap), chemical reduction permits a rapid second separation using the same chromatographic system. For example, citrate and pyruvate overlap, while suecinate and acetoacetate, and fumarate and a-ketoglutarate elute as single peaks. The techniques described in this chapter are useful in studying the dynamic aspects of metabolism in mitochondrial systems.

Photolysis and radiolysis of polyvinyl acetate.

Abstract: Quantum yields for chain scission and crosslinking were measured for the photolysis of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) as well as the G values for the radiolysis of the polymer. It is shown that 2537 A light is about four times more efficient than γ-rays in producing chain scissions and crosslinking in PVA. The presence of oxygen reduces quantum yields for both processes.

Aromatic oxidation by cobaltic acetate in acetic acid

Abstract: A detailed kinetic study of oxidation of toluene and its derivatives by cobaltic acetate in 95 vol% acetic acid is reported. The reaction was found to be profoundly affected by a steric factor and ...

Reaction of acetatotriphenylphosphinegold(I) with inorganic acids, alkyl halides, and bromine

Abstract: Acetato- and trifluoroacetato-triphenylphosphine gold(I) have been prepared by reaction of the silver salts with chloro(triphenylphosphine)gold(I). The acetate reacts with the acid HX to form the compounds Ph3PAuX and acetic acid. Reactions with alkyl halides yield alkyl acetates and halogeno(triphenylphosphine)gold(I). Reaction with bromine yields mono- and tri-bromo(triphenylphosphine)gold.

Mikrobiologische Umwandlung von bicyclischen Monoterpenen durch Absidia orchidis (VUILL.) HAGEM. 1. Teil: Reduktion von Campherchinon und Isofenchonchinon. 17. Mitteilung über Reaktionen mit Mikroorganismen [1]

Abstract: (—)-Camphorquinone (1a) was transformed to a mixture consisting of 3-endo-hydroxy-camphor (2a) (40%), 3-exo-hydroxy-camphor (3a) (30%) and 2-endo-hydroxy-epicamphor (4a) (30%) by an aqueous suspension of the mycelium of Absidia orchidis (Vuill.) Hagem. The composition of the reduction products was determined by the NMR. spectra. Incubation of the enantiomeric (+)-camphorquinone (1b) under the same condition yielded 3-exohydroxy-camphor (3b) as single product. Since both substrates form their products immediately and in the same ratio the possibility of a posterior isomerization of 3a yielding the ketols 2a and 4a can be ruled out. For comparison the course of the chemical reduction of camphorquinone (1) to the ketols (Zn in acetic acid, hydrogenation with Raney-Ni as catalyst, NaBH4) was investigated. Camphor was not transformed by Absidia orchidis. (—)-Isofenchonequinone (6a) yielded upon incubation with an aqueous suspension of the mycelium of Absidia orchidis exclusively 2-endo-hydroxy-epi-isofenchone (7a). The enantiomer diketone 6b gave the same result, i. e. the ketol 7b as the only transformation product. Also with isofenchonequinone the chemical reduction to the ketols by Zn in acetic acid, hydrogenation with Raney-Ni as catalyst and NaBH4 was studied.