Showing papers on "Anisakis published in 2023"
TL;DR: In this paper , a diagnostic pathway for Anisakis allergy was defined for the pediatric population, where only a few data are available in the literature about pediatric population specifically, focusing on this group of patients specifically.
Abstract: Anisakids are nematodes responsible for different clinical patterns in humans. The well-known human-infecting Anisakis species include members of the Anisakis simplex (AS) complex. Humans usually contract anisakiasis through ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood containing Anisakis larvae. Once Anisakis has been ingested, patients may develop disease driven directly by Anisakis larvae and/or by allergic reaction due to this nematode. The capability of inducing allergic reactions depends on the expression of specific antigens by nematodes and host factors. This study aims to resume actual knowledge about AS and Anisakiasis with regard to epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment. Particular attention is paid to Anisakis allergens and their cross-reactivity on available diagnostic methods, and defining a diagnostic pathway for Anisakis allergy. Because only a few data are available in the literature about pediatric population, we focus on this group of patients specifically.
6 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the presence of Anisakis larvae in fish for human consumption is a health risk that needs to be monitored and it is thus necessary to periodically evaluate the presence in them.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this paper , the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of pulsed electric fields (PEF) in the inactivation of Anisakis spp. larvae in terms of electric field strength, specific energy, and pulse width was performed.
Abstract: Larvae of the nematode family Anisakidae are capable of causing parasitic infections in humans associated with the consumption of fishery products, leading to intestinal syndromes and allergic reactions. Anisakidae larvae are widely distributed geographically, with rates of parasitism close to 100% in certain fish species. Methods need to be established for their inactivation and elimination, especially in fishery products that are to be consumed raw, pickled, or salted, or which have been insufficiently treated to kill the parasite. Many strategies are currently available (such as freezing and heat treatment), but further ones, such as pulsed electric fields (PEF), have hardly been investigated until now. This study focuses on the experimental evaluation of the efficacy of PEF in the inactivation of Anisakis spp. larvae in terms of electric field strength, specific energy, and pulse width, as well as on the evaluation of the quality of fish samples after PEF treatment. Results show that viability of Anisakis was highly dependent on field strength and specific energy. Pulse width exerted a considerable influence at the lowest field strengths tested (1 kV/cm). Central composite design helped to define a PEF treatment of 3 kV/cm and 50 kJ/kg as the one capable of inactivating almost 100% of Anisakis present in pieces of hake, while affecting the investigated quality parameters (moisture, water holding capacity, and cooking loss) to a lesser extent than freezing and thawing. These results show that PEF could serve as an alternative to traditional freezing processes for the inactivation of Anisakis in fish.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , a controlled chicken feeding trial using Anisakidae-contaminated feed was conducted, and after three weeks of exposure, blood and muscle samples were subjected to a targeted proteomic analysis aiming at detecting anisakid peptides.
2 citations
TL;DR: In this article , the authors reported a patient who presented with gastroesophageal reflux disease like symptoms that started after ingesting raw fish. He was found by esophagogastroduodenoscopy to have white, filiform worms penetrating into the wall of his stomach.
Abstract: Anisakiasis of the gastrointestinal tract is caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked seafood infected with Anisakis larvae. Penetration of Anisakis larvae into the gastrointestinal mucosa leads to severe epigastric pain, nausea, and vomiting, usually within hours of ingestion of the parasite. Suspicion for gastrointestinal Anisakiasis should be raised in patients with a compatible dietary history. Definitive diagnosis can be made by direct visualization of larvae via endoscopic examination. Although symptoms are self-limiting, the removal of larvae by gastroscopy can hasten relief of symptoms. There are a large number of cases of gastric anisakiasis reported from Japan, Korea, and Western Europe, where it is customary to consume raw fish. Cases reported from the United States are less common, and given the nonspecific symptoms of anisakiasis, the diagnosis can be missed. We report a patient who presented with gastroesophageal reflux disease like symptoms that started after ingesting raw fish. He was found by esophagogastroduodenoscopy to have white, filiform worms penetrating into the wall of his stomach, consistent with a diagnosis of gastric anisakiasis.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , anisakid larvae were detected encapsulated in the peritoneal cavity and muscle of the fish host, and they were identified as Anisakis larval type I.
Abstract: Anisakidosis is a foodborne zoonotic infection induced by members of the family Anisakidae via the consumption of raw or undercooked fish such as sushi and sashimi. Identifying anisakid larval species is critical for the epidemiology and diagnosis of diseases caused by them. This study aimed at identifying Anisakis larvae collected from marine fish in Egyptian waters based on morphological characteristics and molecular analysis. Thirty marine fish coral trout, Plectropomus areolatus, were collected from Hurghada, Red Sea, Egypt, to investigate larval nematodes of the genus Anisakis. The larvae were detected encapsulated in the peritoneal cavity and muscle of the fish host. This examination revealed that anisakid larvae naturally infected 19 fish specimens with a prevalence of 63.33% and a mean intensity of 4.1 ± 0.40. Most of them (68 larvae: 71.57%) were found in the musculature. Morphological and morphometric analyses using light and scanning electron microscopy revealed a head region with a prominent boring tooth, inconspicuous lips, and a characteristic protruded cylindrical mucron. All larvae in this study possessed the same morphology as Anisakis Larval type I. Molecular analysis based on ITS region using maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods confirmed them as Anisakis typica. This is the first study to identify A. typica larvae from the commercial fish coral trout P. areolatus in Egyptian waters using morphological and molecular methods.
1 citations
TL;DR: In this article , anisakis levels in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus resulted from both biotic and environmental drivers, such as ontogenetic variation of the diet was the first driver of Anisakis level.
Abstract: Parasites play a key but overlooked role in the functioning of marine systems. Understanding the drivers of parasites infection in fish is thus crucial. Anisakis levels in the Atlantic horse mackerel Trachurus trachurus resulted from both biotic and environmental drivers. Ontogenic variation of the diet was the first driver of Anisakis level. Nonlinear pattern confirmed that the variation of parasitism was related to ontogenetic dietary shifts. The impact of depth on diet also explained the effect of depth on parasites. In deeper areas, fish only access pelagic preys, where Anisakis presence is high, consistently with the pelagic nature of the parasite. Finally, relative proportions of parasitic burden by tissue appeared to be driven by lipid content. In lipid-rich species like T. trachurus, Anisakis can find favorable conditions in the body cavity and in muscle and avoid liver. Parasitism levels in fish are thus the result of patterns at play at different levels and that these factors should be better considered before being able to include parasites in an integrated vision of marine ecosystem functioning.
01 May 2023
TL;DR: A 40-year-old male patient with anisakiasis coexisting with mucosal gastric cancer was suspected on gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography as mentioned in this paper .
Abstract: Anisakiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the consumption of raw or undercooked fish that is infected with Anisakis third-stage larvae. In countries, such as Japan, Italy, and Spain, where people have a custom of eating raw or marinated fish, anisakiasis is a common infection. Although anisakiasis has been reported in the gastrointestinal tract in several countries, reports of anisakiasis accompanied by cancer are rare.We present the rare case of a 40-year-old male patient with anisakiasis coexisting with mucosal gastric cancer. Submucosal gastric cancer was suspected on gastric endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasonography. After laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, granulomatous inflammation with Anisakis larvae in the submucosa was pathologically revealed beneath mucosal tubular adenocarcinoma. Histological and immunohistochemical investigation showed cancer cells as intestinal absorptive-type cells that did not produce mucin.Anisakis larvae could have invaded the cancer cells selectively because of the lack of mucin in the cancerous epithelium. Anisakiasis coexisting with cancer is considered reasonable rather than coincidental. In cancer with anisakiasis, preoperative diagnosis may be difficult because anisakiasis leads to morphological changes in the cancer.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors identify the gastrointestinal helminths of the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, 52 animals found dead on the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Southern Brazil, were necropsied.
Abstract: Parasites are important components of ecosystems and may contribute to the ecological aspects of their hosts and indicate the integrity of their environment. To identify the gastrointestinal helminths of the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis, 52 animals found dead on the Rio Grande do Sul coast, Southern Brazil, were necropsied. All studied animals were parasitized, and 104,670 specimens of helminths from three phyla and 14 taxa were collected. Adult specimens represented five of the identified species: Contracaecum ogmorhini, Adenocephalus pacificus, Stephanoprora uruguayense, Ascocotyle (Phagicola) longa, and Corynosoma australe; and one of the identified genera: Strongyloides sp. Immature forms represented the other eight taxa: Anisakidae gen. sp., Anisakis sp., Pseudoterranova sp., Contracaecum sp., Tetrabothriidae gen. sp., Cestoda gen. sp., Corynosoma cetaceum, and Bolbosoma turbinella. The acanthocephalan C. australe was the most prevalent and abundant parasite, whereas Strongyloides sp. had the highest intensity. This is the first record of the nematode Anisakis sp., digenean S. uruguayense, and acanthocephalan B. turbinella in this host. Trophic generalist species such as A. australis can be good indicators of the composition of the helminth fauna of their ecosystems, indicating the presence of zoonotic parasites transmitted by the consumption of fish.
TL;DR: In this paper , the pepsin digestion method was used to detect Anisakis larvae in imported deep-frozen whole Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from FAO 27 to Turkey and smoked Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon fillets (Salmo salar) between 2018 and 2019.
Abstract: Anisakis pegreffii and A. simplex sensu stricto (s.s.) are the main etiological agents causing human anisakiasis. Here, we aimed to investigate based on the pepsin digestion method of the occurrence of Anisakis larvae in imported deep-frozen whole Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) from FAO 27 to Turkey and smoked Norwegian farmed Atlantic salmon fillets (Salmo salar) between 2018 and 2019. A total of 100 whole Atlantic mackerel and 180 Atlantic salmon fillets were randomly sampled from local Turkish supermarkets. No Anisakis larvae were detected in smoked Atlantic salmon fillets. In total, 827 Anisakis larvae were found in mackerel, and the prevalence was 68% (68/100). The mI and mA of Anisakis larvae in mackerel were 13.1 and 8.2, respectively. Whereas the 95.28% (788/827) of the Anisakis larvae were found in abdominal cavity/viscera, the 4.72 % (39/827) of the larvae in the muscle. The prevalence and mI of Anisakis larvae in the abdominal cavity/viscera and muscle of mackerel was 63.0% (63/100) and 42.0% (42/100), and 12.5 and 0.9, respectively. The subsample of 100 larvae was molecularly identified by ITS RFLP patterns. The 99 (99.0%) larvae were identified as A. simplex (s.s.), and 1 (1.0%) larva was A. pegreffii. Consequently, there is low or no risk of anisakiasis in smoked farmed Atlantic salmon for Turkish consumers. The 42.0% prevalence of zoonotic Anisakis species larvae in imported Atlantic mackerel fillets could have public health risk in Turkish consumers for anisakiasis or allergy.
TL;DR: In this article , the molecular identification of endoparasites sampled from three economically valuable fish species from the waters of the Canakkale (Türkiye) was performed.
Abstract: This study was based on the molecular identification of endoparasites sampled from three economically valuable fish species caught from the waters of the Canakkale (Türkiye). Subjected samples in the study were from chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus Houttuyn, 1782), anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus Linnaeus, 1758), and bogue (Boops boops Linnaeus, 1758) without gender discrimination. The nematode parasites obtained from the samples were sent to molecular diagnostic laboratories in alcohol and the results were interpreted. As a result of the study, Anisakis typica (Diesing, 1860) Baylis, 1920 and Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget and Biocca, 1955 were isolated from the chub mackerel fish and Anisakis pegreffii species were also isolated from anchovy and bogue. This parasite was the most isolated nematode parasite among all nematodes.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors conducted an observational study on the use of an innovative Anisakis allergy diagnostic algorithm in a convenience sample of 53 allergic outpatients recruited in Western Sicily, between April 2021 and March 2022.
Abstract: The rising popularity of undercooked or raw seafood containing larvae of the Anisakis parasite has led to issues of public health concern due to allergic manifestations. We conducted an observational study on the use of an innovative Anisakis allergy diagnostic algorithm in a convenience sample of 53 allergic outpatients recruited in Western Sicily, between April 2021 and March 2022. We included individuals with an anamnesis suggestive of IgE sensitization to Anisakis reporting clinical manifestation in the last month due to allergic reactions after eating fresh fish, or in subjects at high exposure risk with sea products while abstaining from fish ingestion, excluding those with documented fish sensitization. Outpatients were tested via Skin Prick Test, IgE-specific dosage and Basophil Activation Test (BAT). Twenty-six outpatients were diagnosed with Anisakis, while 27 with Chronic Urticaria (CU). We found a seven-fold excess risk for Anisakis (p4) positivity in the Anisakis allergic outpatients, as compared to the CU ones. BAT showed the best diagnostic accuracy (92.45%) and specificity (100%), while specific IgE to Ascaris (p1) documented the best sensitivity (92.31%) but a very low specificity (37.04%). In conclusion, our findings may represent a potentially useful contribution to the future development of updated clinical guidelines.
TL;DR: Schneider et al. as mentioned in this paper developed the first reliable, fast and simple in vitro cultivation protocol for A. pegreffii, which was tested on two commercially available media (RPMI 1640, Schneider's Drosophila ) in combination with each of the six different heat-inactivated sera.
Abstract: Abstract Background Anisakiasis is a foodborne disease caused by the third-stage larvae (L3) of two species belonging to the genus Anisakis : Anisakis pegreffii and Anisakis simplex sensu stricto. Both species have been the subject of different -omics studies undertaken in the past decade, but a reliable in vitro culture protocol that would enable a more versatile approach to functional studies has never been devised. In nature, A. pegreffii shows a polyxenous life-cycle. It reproduces in toothed whales (final host) and disseminates embryonated eggs via cetacean faeces in the water column. In the environment, a first- (L1) and second-stage larva (L2) develops inside the egg, and subsequently hatched L2 is ingested by a planktonic crustacean or small fish (intermediate host). In the crustacean pseudocoelom, the larva moults to the third stage (L3) and grows until the host is eaten by a fish or cephalopod (paratenic host). Infective L3 migrates into the visceral cavity of its paratenic host and remains in the state of paratenesis until a final host preys on the former. Once in the final host’s gastric chambers, L3 attaches to mucosa, moults in the fourth stage (L4) and closes its life-cycle by becoming reproductively mature. Methods Testing two commercially available media (RPMI 1640, Schneider’s Drosophila ) in combination with each of the six different heat-inactivated sera, namely foetal bovine, rabbit, chicken, donkey, porcine and human serum, we have obtained the first reliable, fast and simple in vitro cultivation protocol for A. pegreffii . Results Schneider’s Drosophila insect media supplemented with 10% chicken serum allowed high reproducibility and survival of adult A. pegreffii . The maturity was reached already at the beginning of the third week in culture. From collected eggs, hatched L2 were maintained in culture for 2 weeks. The protocol also enabled the description of undocumented morphological and ultrastructural features of the parasite developmental stages. Conclusions Closing of the A. pegreffii life-cycle from L3 to reproducing adults is an important step from many research perspectives (e.g., vaccine and drug–target research, transgenesis, pathogenesis), but further effort is necessary to optimise the efficient moulting of L2 to infective L3. Graphical Abstract
23 Jan 2023
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors conducted a retrospective observational prospective recruitment study of patients undergoing emergency surgery for helminth infection from January 2000 to December 2019 at a university hospital, where the mean age was 34.91 ± 21.5 years, with a predominance of men (69.4%).
Abstract: Abstract Introduction All organs of any organism can be affected by helminths. They can be seen in a broad spectrum, from simple infestations to extensive, life-threatening involvement. Symptomatology is usually of chronic latent course. However, sometimes the presentation is acute and requires urgent surgical intervention . Material and methods We conducted a retrospective observational prospective recruitment study of patients undergoing emergency surgery for helminth infection from January 2000 to December 2019 at a university hospital. Sociodemographic and analytical variables, variables related to the clinical process, and the diagnostic test were analysed. Variables related to the surgical procedure and postoperative complications were also analysed. Results A total of 36 patients required emergency surgery for their helminth infection, which represented 0.26% of emergency abdominal surgeries. The mean age was 34.91 ± 21.5 years, with a predominance of men (69.4%). Most patients presented with pain in the right iliac fossa (69.4%), followed by symptoms compatible with intestinal obstruction (19.4%). The most frequent surgical interventions were appendectomy (38,9%) followed bowel resection (33,3%) and ileocecal resection (11,1%). Enterobious vermicularis and Anisakis simplex both together accounted for 75% of the sample. Statistically significant differences were identified in age (p<0.001), diagnostic test performed (p=0.032), intraoperative clinical diagnosis (p=0.005) and surgical treatment received (p<0.001). Conclusion The prevalence of emergency surgeries for intestinal helminth parasitism is decreasing. However, the majority of these are E. vermicularis and Anisakis simplex, which have distinctly different clinical presentations. Identification and recognition by surgeons continue to be necessary for further postoperative management and possible complications.
TL;DR: In this paper , the authors discuss the clinical features of anisakiasis as well as the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of the main methods employed for increasing seafood safety and killing Anisakis larvae, including freezing, heating, use of high hydrostatic pressure, salting process, pepsin digestion method and use of garlic oil.
Abstract: Anisakiasis is an arising zoonosis induced by parasitic nematodes belonging to the family Anisakidae. Anisakiasis is often caused by the ingestion of larval nematodes in uncooked or minimally processed seafood dishes, which are regularly consumed by humans. Significant potential sources of infection are raw fish (e.g., sushi and sashimi) that can be found in traditional Japanese cuisine and can be part of the culinary tradition of consumption of raw or marinated fish that is particularly diffused in European countries. During the last five decades, the global prevalence of human anisakiasis has been rising, becoming an emergent major public health problem. Thus, there is an unmet need for well-defined and cost-effective methods aimed at killing Anisakis larvae, thus reducing the incidence of anisakiasis. In this mini-review, we discuss the clinical features of anisakiasis as well as the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of the main methods employed for increasing seafood safety and killing Anisakis larvae, including freezing, heating, use of high hydrostatic pressure, salting process, pepsin digestion method and use of garlic oil.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors examined social-psychological factors relevant to Anisakis' risky consumption of human behavior and found that prior knowledge of the disease was associated with prior avoidance of fish consumption, which in turn was positively correlated with a greater willingness to pay for anisakis-free fish.
Abstract: The study of the zoonotic parasites of the genus Anisakis and human anisakiasis is an increasingly hot topic in evolutionary biology and epidemiological studies carried out on natural and accidental (human) hosts, given the risk of this parasite to human health. However, the assessment of social-psychological factors relevant to Anisakis’ risky consumption of human behavior is still an understudied topic. Given the centrality of the topic, highlighted by its presence in Goals 2 (subgoal 2.1, achieve food security and improve safe nutrition) and 3 (health and well-being) of the 2030 Agenda, it appears necessary to deepen our social-psychological knowledge regarding this specific topic. There is plenty of psychological research focused on antecedents of fish and seafood consumption; however, parasite risk is not often specifically examined. This research is aimed at increasing the safety of consumers’ seafood products by examining their psychological aspects, such as knowledge, perception, awareness, and concern about Anisakis. Past and future behavior intentions were also investigated. Analyses were carried out on a sample of 251 subjects, and a path analysis model was used to explain possible relations assumed among the variables. The results of the study showed that habits related to raw fish consumption and self-perceived health were, respectively, positively, and negatively correlated with a higher perceived risk of contracting anisakiasis. This perceived risk in turn correlates positively with a greater willingness to pay for Anisakis-free fish. Similarly, prior knowledge of the disease was found to be associated with prior avoidance of fish consumption, which in turn was found to be positively correlated with a greater willingness to pay for Anisakis-free fish.
TL;DR: In this article , a patient with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus came to the emergency department for abdominal pain and vomiting, and abdominal CT scan showed dilated jejunal loops, compatible with intestinal occlusion.
Abstract: Patient aged 71 with a history of type 2 diabetes mellitus. He came to the emergency department for abdominal pain and vomiting. Laboratory tests showed an increase in acute phase reactants. Abdominal CT scan showed dilated jejunal loops, compatible with intestinal occlusion. Urgent intervention was performed, resecting the affected segment. The pathology report showed a prominent transmural inflammatory infiltrate and interstitial oedema, with moderate villous atrophy, identifying parasitic structures compatible with anisakis larvae (family Anisakidae). Given the mechanism of tissue invasion, the larvae are surrounded by a predominantly eosinophilic inflammatory infiltrate, organised as granulomas or abscesses.
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper investigated the prevalence of Anisakis infection in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province, so as to provide insights into the development of the anisakiasis control strategy.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE
To investigate the prevalence of Anisakis infection in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province, so as to provide insights into the development of the anisakiasis control strategy.
METHODS
Marine fish samples were randomly collected from Jiaocheng District, Fuding City and Xiapu County around Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground in Fujian Province from September to December, 2021. All fishes were dissected, and the abdominal contents were collected. Parasites were sampled under a stereomicroscope and the Anisakis species were identified through morphology. The prevalence and intensity of Anisakis infections were calculated.
RESULTS
A total of 177 marine fishes belonging to 24 species were dissected, and Anisakis was detected in 73 marine fishes (41.2%) belonging to 16 species (66.7%), with a mean infection intensity of 14.3 parasites per fish. High prevalence of Anisakis infection was found in Ilisha elongata (5/5), Miichthys miiuy (3/3), Plectorhynchus cinctus (2/2), Scomberomorus niphonius (12/13), Trichiurus lepturus (19/23), Pennahia argentata (6/11) and Ditrema temmincki (14/27), with mean infection intensities of 9.2, 2.7, 4.5, 10.9, 39.2, 4.5 parasites per fish and 2.1 parasites per fish. The Anisakis larvae were characterized as Anisakis and Hysterothylacium.
CONCLUSIONS
High prevalence of Anisakis infection is detected in marine fishes in Eastern Fujian Fishing Ground of Fujian Province. The health education pertaining to food health is required to be reinforced to prevent the development of human anisakiasis.
TL;DR: In this paper , the proteomic composition of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the third-stage larvae (L3) of A. pegreffii, was characterized.
Abstract: Introduction Anisakis pegreffii is a sibling species within the A. simplex (s.l.) complex requiring marine homeothermic (mainly cetaceans) and heterothermic (crustaceans, fish, and cephalopods) organisms to complete its life cycle. It is also a zoonotic species, able to accidentally infect humans (anisakiasis). To investigate the molecular signals involved in this host-parasite interaction and pathogenesis, the proteomic composition of the extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by the third-stage larvae (L3) of A. pegreffii, was characterized. Methods Genetically identified L3 of A. pegreffii were maintained for 24 h at 37°C and EVs were isolated by serial centrifugation and ultracentrifugation of culture media. Proteomic analysis was performed by Shotgun Analysis. Results and discussion EVs showed spherical shaped structure (size 65-295 nm). Proteomic results were blasted against the A. pegreffii specific transcriptomic database, and 153 unique proteins were identified. Gene Ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis predicted several proteins belonging to distinct metabolic pathways. The similarity search employing selected parasitic nematodes database revealed that proteins associated with A. pegreffii EVs might be involved in parasite survival and adaptation, as well as in pathogenic processes. Further, a possible link between the A. pegreffii EVs proteins versus those of human and cetaceans’ hosts, were predicted by using HPIDB database. The results, herein described, expand knowledge concerning the proteins possibly implied in the host-parasite interactions between this parasite and its natural and accidental hosts.
TL;DR: In this paper , the distribution and population structure of the Anisakis species infecting hakes from the major European fishing areas through the use of genetic analysis was investigated. But the authors focused on the European hake, one of the most commercially valuable species in ICES fishing areas, is considered an important neglected source of zoonotic risk by nematode parasites belonging to the genus Anakis.
Abstract: Simple Summary The nematodes of the genus Anisakis are among the most prevalent parasites found in fishes and marine mammals and they are the main cause of human anisakiasis. Genetic studies have described two species, A. simplex and A. pegreffii, in European waters parasitizing several hosts, being the European hake, by far, the fish with higher infection values. The aim of this study is to enhance the knowledge of the distribution and population structure of the Anisakis species infecting hakes from the major European fishing areas through the use of genetic analysis. This study provides useful information about the genetic diversity of these parasites in the different fishing areas and fish tissues, valuable findings to understand the parasite speciation to different hake tissues and how they are structured along European waters. Abstract The European hake, one of the most commercially valuable species in ICES fishing areas, is considered an important neglected source of zoonotic risk by nematode parasites belonging to the genus Anisakis. Merluccius merluccius is, by far, the most important host of Anisakis spp. at the European fishing grounds, in terms of demographic infection values, and carries the highest parasite burden. These high parasite population densities within an individual fish host offer a chance to explore new sources of variations for the genetic structure of Anisakis spp. populations. A total of 873 Anisakis spp. third-stage larvae, originally sampled from viscera and muscular sections of hake collected at ten fishing grounds, were primarily identified using ITS rDNA region as molecular marker. After that, we used mtDNA cox2 gene to reveal the high haplotype diversity and the lack of genetic structure for A. simplex. Dominant haplotypes were shared among the different fishing areas and fish sections analyzed. Results indicate a clear connection of A. simplex from European hake along the Northern North Sea to the Portuguese coast, constituting a single genetic population but revealing a certain level of genetic sub-structuring on the Northwest coast of Scotland. This study also provides useful information to advance the understanding of parasite speciation to different fish host tissues or microenvironments.
TL;DR: In this paper , the third stage (L3) Anisakidae sampled from 29 specimens of G. maculatus captured off the south American Pacific coast, Lambayeque Region, Peru.
Abstract: The back cusk eel, Genypterus maculatus (Tschudi, 1846), (Ophiidiformes: Ophiididae) is one of the benthic-demersal fish usually consumed in northern Peru. Here, we identified the third stage (L3) Anisakidae sampled from 29 specimens of G. maculatus captured off the south American Pacific coast, Lambayeque Region, Peru. A total of 20 anisakid nematode larvae were collected on the visceral surface and divided morphologically into three types (Type I–III). These larvae were identified by mtDNA Cox2 sequences analysis, which indicated that corresponded to Anisakis pegreffii Campana-Rouget and Biocca, 1955, Skrjabinisakis physeteris (Baylis, 1923) and S. brevispiculata (Dollfus, 1966) Safonova, Voronova, and Vainutis, 2021, respectively. This is the first record of S. brevispiculata in Peru. The results obtained in this study provide knowledge on the diversity and distribution of Anisakis Dujardin, 1845 and Skrjabinisakis Mozgovoi, 1951, species in the south American Pacific waters and their relevance for public health. In addition, we suggest that combined use of molecular and morphological approaches is needed to characterize L3 anisakid larvae.
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TL;DR: The first case of eosinophilic pleural effusion due to Anisakis spp. infection was reported in a 39-years-old European subject hospitalized for worsening dyspnoea and abdominal and thoracic pain this article .
01 Jan 2023
TL;DR: Anisakid nematodes are seafood-born parasites causing a serious disease in humans known as anisakids as mentioned in this paper , which can cause pain, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Abstract: Anisakid nematodes are seafood-born parasites causing a serious disease in humans known as anisakidosis. The number of human cases is increasing globally due to a number of factors, such as increased seafood consumption and prevalence of infected fish. The latter has been attributed to global warming, climate changes and protection of population of the definitive hosts. Anisakis simplex, Anisakis pegreffii, A. physeteris, Contracaecum osculatum, Pseudoterranova decipiens, Pseudoterranova azarasi and Pseudoterranova cattani are species that have been known to cause anisakidosis however diagnosis of most human cases are not to species level. Raphidascarid nematodes belonging to the genus Hysterothylacium used to be classified under anisakid nematodes and are also briefly discussed in this section. Symptoms of anisakidosis, such as pain, vomiting and diarrhea are non-specific, which makes the misdiagnosis common. Prevention includes gutting the fish immediately after being caught, proper cooking and freezing.
TL;DR: In this article , the authors investigated the link between parasitism, gonadal health, and the growth of European hake (Merluccius merluccianus) and revealed remarkable ovarian pathology that involved several forms of degenerative changes.
Abstract: Parameters belonging to the physical status and gonadal size of certain fish provide crucial information for assessing both the productivity and fecundity of declining fish populations. These parameters are vulnerable to the negative impacts of disease agents such as internal or systemic parasites. Although parasitic diseases might influence these parameters, the literature investigating these pathophysiological alterations is scanty. Therefore, the current study represents one of the scarcest studies that document the possible link between parasitism, gonadal health, and the growth of European hake ( Merluccius merluccius ). Screening of imported European halves indicated a relatively high prevalence of Anisakis pegreffi Larvae 3 infestation, with an 80% prevalence rate, a mean intensity of 24.4, and a mean abundance of 19.5. However, the prevalence of Anisakid larvae infection in native fish was 36% with a mean intensity of 7.36 and mean abundance of 2.65.The current research revealed remarkable ovarian pathology that involved several forms of degenerative changes in ovarian tissues. Such gonadal pathologies were attributed to the damaging effect of the retrieved Anisakis pegreffi Larvae 3. Gonadosomatic index of both heavily infected imported / native hakes was relatively impacted by the progressive gonadal pathology resulting from Anisakis pegreffi L3 infection. Morphometric measurements of the gonads and body have revealed that, gonadosomatic index of both heavily infected imported / native hakes was relatively impacted by the progressive gonadal pathology resulting from Anisakis pegreffi L3 infection.
TL;DR: The risk of contracting anisakiasis from consuming ready-to-eat mackerel products in Japan was investigated by examining the prevalence and abundance of Anisakis simplex and its sibling species in these products as mentioned in this paper .
TL;DR: In this paper , the extent of parasitism at wholesale market level of Inezgane and the fishing port of Agadir in Morocco was assessed based on importance of animal products safety.
Abstract: Based on importance of animal products safety, the purpose of this work was to assess the extent of parasitism at the wholesale market level of Inezgane and the fishing port of Agadir in Morocco. For this purpose, fieldwork aimed at direct investigation of parasites involved 366 fish pieces. This study was conducted in the period between March and June 2021. The prevalence of parasitism was 20.76%. The total number of parasites collected is 2385 including 1959 nematodes, 318 xenomas, 92 cestodes, and 16 isopods. An abundance of 6.51 and an overall intensity of 31.38. These infestation parameters varied by species and location of origin. For the qualitative analysis of the parasites, the study revealed a predominance of L3 larvae of the Anisakis nematode with a percentage of 82.14%. Xenomas had a percentage of 13.33%. As for the cestodes of Gymnorhynchus gigas, the larvae were collected from the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) with a percentage of 3.86%. As a result of this study, a significant positive correlation of r=0.81 was shown between the total length of the fish and the number of anisakids. The results of this study revealed that the extent of parasitism seems to be less pronounced in some species, but there is still a presence of concern.