Showing papers on "Applications of artificial intelligence published in 1999"

What are ontologies, and why do we need them?

Abstract: This survey provides a conceptual introduction to ontologies and their role in information systems and AI. The authors also discuss how ontologies clarify the domain's structure of knowledge and enable knowledge sharing.

Understanding Intelligence

Abstract: From the Publisher: Researchers now agree that intelligence always manifests itself in behavior - thus it is behavior that we must understand. An exciting new field has grown around the study of behavior-based intelligence, also known as embodied cognitive science, "new AI," and "behavior-based AI.". "Rolf Pfeifer and Christian Scheier provide a systematic introduction to this new way of thinking about intelligence and computers. After discussing concepts and approaches such as subsumption architecture, Braitenberg vehicles, evolutionary robotics, artificial life, self-organization, and learning, the authors derive a set of principles and a coherent framework for the study of naturally and artificially intelligent systems, or autonomous agents. This framework is based on a synthetic methodology whose goal is understanding by designing and building.

Cambrian Intelligence: The Early History of the New AI

Abstract: Until the mid-1980s, AI researchers assumed that an intelligent system doing high-level reasoning was necessary for the coupling of perception and action. In this traditional model, cognition mediates between perception and plans of action. Realizing that this core AI, as it was known, was illusory, Rodney A. Brooks turned the field of AI on its head by introducing the behavior-based approach to robotics. The cornerstone of behavior-based robotics is the realization that the coupling of perception and action gives rise to all the power of intelligence and that cognition is only in the eye of an observer. Behavior-based robotics has been the basis of successful applications in entertainment, service industries, agriculture, mining, and the home. It has given rise to both autonomous mobile robots and more recent humanoid robots such as Brooks' Cog. This book represents Brooks' initial formulation of and contributions to the development of the behavior-based approach to robotics. It presents all of the key philosophical and technical ideas that put this "bottom-up" approach at the forefront of current research in not only AI but all of cognitive science.

Artificial-Intelligence-Based Electrical Machines and Drives: Application of Fuzzy, Neural, Fuzzy-neural, and Genetic-Algorithm-based Techniques

Abstract: From the Publisher: Roughly half of all commercial electricity is consumed in motors, and recent efforts to apply artificial intelligence (AI) to improving electric motors are receiving attention worldwide. This book is the first comprehensive discussion of AI applications to electrical machines and drives.

Artificial Intelligence Today

Abstract: We discuss the application of behavioural architectures, in the robotic sense, to virtual agents. ‘Virtual Teletubbies’ are used as an example of the issues involved. we conclude that the use of such architectures has implications for the whole style in which a virtual world is modelled.

Modern optimisation techniques in power systems

Abstract: Preface. Contributors. 1. Introduction Y.H. Song. 2. Simulated annealing applications K. Nara. 3. Tabu search application in fault section estimation and state identification of unobserved protective relays in power system F. Wen, C.S. Chang. 4. Genetic algorithms for scheduling generation and maintenance in power systems C.J. Aldridge, et al. 5. Transmission network planning using genetic algorithms M.R. Irving, et al. 6. Artificial neural networks for generation scheduling M.P. Walsh, M.J. O'Malley. 7. Decision making in a deregulated power environment based on fuzzy sets S.M. Shahidehpour, M.I. Alomoush. 8. Lagrangian relaxation applications to electric power operations and planning problems A.J. Conejo, et al. 9. Inter point methods and applications in power systems K. Xie, Y.H. Song. 10. Ant colony search, advanced engineered-conditioning genetic algorithms and fuzzy logic controlled genetic algorithms: economic dispatch problems Y.H. Song, et al. 11. Industrial applications of artificial intelligence techniques A.O. Ekwue.

Artificial intelligence and expert systems applications in new product development—a survey

Abstract: The authors review and categorize the research in applications of artificial intelligence (AI) and expert systems (ES) in new product development (NPD) activities. A brief overview of NPD process and AI is presented. This is followed by a literature survey in regard to AI and ES applications in NPD, which revealed twenty four articles (twenty two applications) in the 1990–1997 period. The applications are categorized into five areas: expert decision support systems for NPD project evaluation, knowledge-based systems (KBS) for product and process design, KBS for QFD, AI support for conceptual design and AI support for group decision making in concurrent engineering. Brief review of each application is provided. The articles are also grouped by NPD stages and seven NPD core elements (competencies and abilities). Further research areas are pointed out.

Knowledge engineering issues in developing a case-based reasoning application

Abstract: Case-Based Reasoning (CBR) has emerged from research in cognitive psychology as a model of human memory and remembering. It has been embraced by researchers of AI applications as a methodology that avoids some of the knowledge acquisition and reasoning problems that occur with other methods for developing knowledge-based systems. In this paper we propose that, in developing knowledge based systems, knowledge engineering addresses two tasks. There is a problem analysis task that produces the problem representation and there is the task of developing the inference mechanism. CBR has an impact on the second of these tasks but helps less with the first. We argue that in some domains this problem analysis process can be significant and propose an iterative methodology for addressing it. To evaluate this, we describe the application of case-based reasoning to the problem of aircraft conflict resolution in a system called ISAC. We describe the application of this iterative methodology and assess the knowledge engineering impact of CBR.

A simulation approach based on negotiation and cooperation between agents: a case study

Abstract: Presents AGENDA (A GENeral testbed for Distributed AI Applications), a simulation tool developed for the simulation and design of applications involving interacting entities. This testbed consists of two different levels, the architecture level and the system development level. The architecture level describes a methodology for designing software agents by providing several important functionalities an agent should have. On the other hand, the system development level provides the basic knowledge representation formalism, general inference mechanisms, and a simulation tool-box supporting visualization and monitoring of agents. Following this, the applicability of AGENDA to the transportation domain is presented in detail. The main challenge of AGENDA in the context of this domain has been to provide different cooperation-scalable methods based on negotiation, leading to different scheduling mechanisms, and to experimentally evaluate these mechanisms. This evaluation shows that: (1) AGENDA is suitable for realistic application in the transportation domain; (2) the mechanisms used for vertical negotiation (between trucks considered as agents) and for horizontal negotiation (between companies considered as agents) are applicable for the real-world transportation domain applications. Finally, a complete study of the scalability of the simulation tool and the algorithms used for the negotiation is presented. This study, along with the evaluation of the different mechanisms, can help designers of transportation companies, particularly in the case of large companies.

Electric Systems, Dynamics, and Stability with Artificial Intelligence Applications

Abstract: Static electric network models dynamic electric network models philosophy of security assessment assessing angle stability via transient energy function voltage stability assessment technology of intelligent systems application of artificial intelligence to angle stability studies application of artificial intelligence to voltage stability assessment and enhancement to electrical power systems epilogue/conclusions. Appendix: chapter problems.

Cognitive robotics: a new approach to artificial intelligence

Abstract: This paper describes a research program about how to achieve artificial intelligence by building robots It is part of the behavior-oriented AI approach, but differs in some of its hypotheses and methodological approach

Dynamics, Morpholgy, and Materials in the Emergence of Cognition

Abstract: Early approaches to understanding intelligence have assumed that intelligence can be studied at the level of algorithms which is why for many years the major tool of artificial intelligence (AI) researchers has been the computer (this has become known as classical AI). As researchers started to build robots they realized that the hardest issues in the study of intelligence involve perception and action in the real world. An entire new research field called "embodied intelligence" (or "New AI", "embodied cognitive science") emerged and "embodimen t" became the new buzzword. In the meantime there has been a lot of research employing robots for the study of intelligence. However, embodiment has not been taken really seriously. Hardly any studies deal with morphology (i.e. shape), material properties, and their relation to sensory- motor processing. The goal of this paper is to investigate - or rather to raise - some of the issues involved and discuss the far-reaching implications of embodiment which leads to a new perspective on intelligence. This new perspective requires considerations of "ecological balance" and sensory-motor coordination, rather than algorithms and computation exclusively. Using a series of case studies, it will be illustrated how these considerations can lead to a new understanding of intelligence.

Not your Grandmother's Game: AI-Based Art and Entertainment

Abstract: AI-based art and entertainment opens new possibilit ies both for game design and for AI. For games, it points the way to intelligent entertainment that functions as High Culture. For A I, it points the way to expressive AI, a new viewpo int that can inform and direct AI research. These twin claims are discussed in light of the concrete examples provided by three AI-based art and entertainment systems: Subjective Avatars, Office Plant #1, and Terminal T ime.

Knowledge management techniques: teaching and dissemination concepts: J. Human-Computer Studies (1999) 51, 549–566.

Abstract: The Copyright line in this paper was incorrectly stated it should read: Copyright 1999 Artificial Intelligence Applications Institute.

The Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference

Abstract: The Innovative Applications of Artificial Intelligence Conference was held 28-30 July 1998 in Madison, Wisconsin. Bruce Buchanan was the program chair and Sam Uthrusamy was the program cochair.

HKIA SAS: a constraint-based airport stand allocation system developed with software components

Abstract: SAS is an AI application developed for the Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) at Chek Lap Kok SAS uses constraint-programming techniques to assign parking stands to aircraft and schedules tow movements based on a set of business and operational constraints The system provides planning, real-time operation, and problem solving capabilities SAS generates a stand allocation plan that finely balances the objectives of the airlines/handling agents, the convenience of passengers, and the operational constraints of the airport The system ensures a high standard of quality in customer service, airport safety, and utilization of stand resources This paper also describes our experience in developing an AI system using standard off-the-shelf software components SAS is an example of how development methodologies used to construct modern AI applications have become fully inline with mainstream practices

Feeding a Financial Decision Support System with Textual Information

Abstract: Many expert systems need a lot of data. For a long time this point has appeared to be a bottleneck for the growth of Artificial Intelligence applications. A major way to provide an expert system with knowledge is to enter it by hand. With the maturity of Natural Language Processing (NLP), a new way has been opened with automatic Information Extraction (IE) from text. This paper briefly presents a financial decision support system, named SAPE, connected with an IE system. This application is used by Caisse des depots et consignations (CDC) in order to anticipate takeover bids on the European stock markets. It provides ways to manage the highly complex and moving network of European shareholdings. SAPE is available on CDC group"s intranet and is used by fund managers as part of their everyday work. This paper also describes how our NLP system, Exoseme, uses the economic newswire from the Agence France-Presse (French press agency) in order to extract information on shareholdings and how this information is managed by the user to provide SAPE database with the large amount of information needed for its computations. After months of use, IE has appeared to be a powerful concrete solution. Moreover, if the economic value of takeover bids has lead us to pay particular attention to shareholdings, this approach can be extended to other events. In fact, with IE, new possibilities for portfolio decision support systems are coming. This paper presents the improvements we plan, and discusses those, though tempting, that are still out of reach due to the lack of adaptive tools.

Aspects of Context for Understanding Multi-modal Communication

Abstract: Context is important for AI applications that interact with users. This is true both for natural language interfaces as well as for multi-modal interfaces. In this paper, we consider aspects of context that are important in a multi-modal interface combining natural language and graphical input to describe locations. We have identified several aspects of contexts in our preliminary study. We describe them here and discuss plans for future work.

Artificial intelligence applications in civil and structural engineering

Abstract: The papers in this volume include the following topics: Structural Engineering Knowledge Based Systems Artificial Intelligence Based Tools in Structural Engineering Knowledge Based and Decision Support Systems: Construction Engineering Neural Networks for Structural Engineering and Neural Networks in Civil Engineering

Artificial intelligence applications to security control in power systems

Abstract: Intelligent systems can play an advisory role, suggesting the necessary actions which should be taken to clear emergency or abnormal conditions in a power system This paper outlines some experience in the development and implementation of intelligent knowledge based systems An expert system for clearing overloads was developed using the Leonardo expert system shell The system applies the network sensitivity factors to determine appropriate actions which include generation rescheduling, line switching and load shedding, and the amount of the required corrections, The expert system for voltage control was developed based on the VP-EXPERT shell It detects voltage violations and provides a set of effective control actions to solve given voltage problems

The Need for Context in Multi-Modal Interfaces

Abstract: Context is important for AI applications that interact with users. This is true both for natural language interfaces as well as for multi-modal interfaces. In this paper, we consider the kinds of contexts that are important in a multi-modal interface combining natural language and graphical input to describe locations. The descriptions will then be converted into queries to a geographical database system. We have identified several kinds of contexts in our preliminary study. We describe them and consider how each affects the system’s interpretation of user input. Plans for future work on the project are also presented, both for implementation and for empirical studies.

Context-Mediated Behavior: An Approach to Explicitly Representing Contexts and Contextual Knowledge for AI Applications

Abstract: Explicit representation of context and contextual knowledge is critical to AI applications. In this paper, we discuss conclusions drawn from several years of work on representing and using contextual knowledge. We describe our approach to context-sensitive reasoning, called context-mediated behavior (CMB), and discuss our experience related to reasoning in context in AI applications and our ongoing and future work in

Communications, artificial life, and art

Abstract: Studies that examine how the computer can support human communication have been the main research issue for artificial intelligence (AI) researchers. However, since human communication has various aspects, it is necessary for researchers to take into account other approaches. This paper considers the basic issues of human communication, and points out that the artificial life (AL) approach and the artistic approach should be integrated with the conventional AI approach. It also presents examples of research being performed based on this perspective.

The year 2001 bug: whatever happened to HAL?

Abstract: In 1950, Alan Turing made a prediction: within 50 years, the idea that machines can think will be commonplace and computers will routinely pass the Turing Test. Those in the AI business have only one year left to make his prediction come true. The paper discusses robot intelligence, chess playing and AI programs.