Showing papers on "Bronze published in 2015"
TL;DR: In this paper, a review describes the overall research activities focused on developing high-performance Li-ion batteries (LIBs) fabricated with various TiO2 polymorphs as insertion anodes.
127 citations
TL;DR: The role of climate fluctuations in shaping southern Levantine human history from 3600 to 600 BCE (the Bronze and Iron Ages) as evidenced in palynological studies was presented in this paper.
Abstract: This article presents the role of climate fluctuations in shaping southern Levantine human history from 3600 to 600 BCE (the Bronze and Iron Ages) as evidenced in palynological studies. This time interval is critical in the history of the region; it includes two phases of rise and decline of urban life, organization of the first territorial kingdoms, and domination of the area by great Ancient Near Eastern empires. The study is based on a comparison of several fossil pollen records that span a north-south transect of 220 km along the southern Levant: Birkat Ram in the northern Golan Heights, Sea of Galilee, and Ein Feshkha and Ze’elim Gully both on the western shore of the Dead Sea. The vegetation history and its climatic implications are as follows: during the Early Bronze Age I (~3600–3000 BCE) climate conditions were wet; a minor reduction in humidity was documented during the Early Bronze Age II–III (~3000–2500 BCE). The Intermediate Bronze Age (~2500–1950 BCE) was characterized by moderate climate conditions, however, since ~2000 BCE and during the Middle Bronze Age I (~1950–1750 BCE) drier climate conditions were prevalent, while the Middle Bronze Age II–III (~1750–1550 BCE) was comparably wet. Humid conditions continued in the early phases of the Late Bronze Age, while towards the end of the period and down to ~1100 BCE the area features the driest climate conditions in the timespan reported here; this observation is based on the dramatic decrease in arboreal vegetation. During the period of ~1100–750 BCE, which covers most of the Iron Age I (~1150–950 BCE) and the Iron Age IIA (~950–780 BCE), an increase in Mediterranean trees was documented, representing wetter climate conditions, which followed the severe dry phase of the end of the Late Bronze Age. The decrease in arboreal percentages, which characterize the Iron Age IIB (~780–680 BCE) and Iron Age IIC (~680–586 BCE), could have been caused by anthropogenic activity and/or might have derived from slightly drier climate conditions. Variations in the distribution of cultivated olive trees along the different periods resulted from human preference and/or changes in the available moisture. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18555
82 citations
TL;DR: In the framework of the European Research Council-funded project, Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective, this article carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals.
Abstract: In the framework of the European Research Council–funded project, “Reconstructing Ancient (Biblical) Israel: The Exact and Life Sciences Perspective,” we carried out multiple analyses on iron and bronze objects from provenanced contexts in Israel, as well as on previously unidentified metallurgical remains from the production of both metals In addition, we counted anew iron and bronze objects from well-stratified contexts and studied metalworking sequences at major sites, which included those that had undergone the bronze/iron transition This enabled us to clarify some of the issues related to the bronze/iron transition in the southern Levant Using this evidence, we showed that iron was not used for utilitarian purposes before the Iron I (late 12th century BCE) and that iron only became dominant concurrently with the beginning of its systematic production during the Iron IIA (10th–9th centuries BCE) A strong correlation between iron and bronze production suggests that during the Iron I local independent bronzesmiths adopted the new iron technology Under local administrations that developed during the Iron IIA, workshops that previously produced bronze turned to iron production, although they continued to manufacture bronze items as a secondary venture Significantly, at some of the major urban centers iron production was an independent industry that included the entire operational sequence, including the on-site smelting of the ore This development appears to have been a major contributor to the transition to systematic production of iron DOI: 102458/azu_rc5718563
66 citations
TL;DR: 105 radiocarbon determinations that strongly support the origins and timing of the Bronze Age in Southeast Asia are presented, and the statistical analysis of the results using a Bayesian approach allows us to examine the data at a regional level, elucidate the timing of arrival of copper base technology inoutheast Asia and consider its social impact.
Abstract: There are two models for the origins and timing of the Bronze Age in Southeast Asia The first centres on the sites of Ban Chiang and Non Nok Tha in Northeast Thailand It places the first evidence for bronze technology in about 2000 BC, and identifies the origin by means of direct contact with specialists of the Seima Turbino metallurgical tradition of Central Eurasia The second is based on the site of Ban Non Wat, 280 km southwest of Ban Chiang, where extensive radiocarbon dating places the transition into the Bronze Age in the 11th century BC with likely origins in a southward expansion of technological expertise rooted in the early states of the Yellow and Yangtze valleys, China We have redated Ban Chiang and Non Nok Tha, as well as the sites of Ban Na Di and Ban Lum Khao, and here present 105 radiocarbon determinations that strongly support the latter model The statistical analysis of the results using a Bayesian approach allows us to examine the data at a regional level, elucidate the timing of arrival of copper base technology in Southeast Asia and consider its social impact
51 citations
TL;DR: The history of lake-level changes at the Dead Sea during the Holocene was determined mainly by radiocarbon dating of terrestrial organic debris, and various studies that have been devoted over the past 2 decades to defining the dead sea levels during the Bronze and Iron Ages.
Abstract: The history of lake-level changes at the Dead Sea during the Holocene was determined mainly by radiocarbon dating of terrestrial organic debris. This article reviews the various studies that have been devoted over the past 2 decades to defining the Dead Sea levels during the Bronze and Iron Ages (~5.5 to 2.5 ka cal BP) and adds new data and interpretation. In particular, we focus on research efforts devoted to refining the chronology of the sedimentary sequence in the Ze’elim Gully, a key site of paleoclimate investigation in the European Research Council project titled Reconstructing Ancient Israel. The Bronze and Iron Ages are characterized by significant changes in human culture, reflected in archaeological records in which sharp settlement oscillations over relatively short periods of time are evident. During the Early Bronze, Intermediate Bronze, Middle Bronze, and Late Bronze Ages, the Dead Sea saw significant level fluctuations, reaching in the Middle Bronze an elevation of ~370 m below mean sea level (bmsl), and declining in the Late Bronze to below 414 m bmsl. At the end of the Late Bronze Age and upon the transition to the Iron Age, the lake recovered slightly and rose to ~408 m bmsl. This recovery reflected the resumption of freshwater activity in the Judean Hills, which was likely accompanied by more favorable hydrological-environmental conditions that seem to have facilitated the wave of Iron Age settlement in the region. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.18560
51 citations
06 May 2015
TL;DR: The results of the palaeobotanical examination of three Bronze Age sites on the North Syrian Euphrates, viz. Selenkahiye, Hadidi and es-sweyhat, were presented in this paper.
Abstract: This paper deals with the results of the palaeobotanical examination of three Bronze Age sites on the North Syrian Euphrates, viz. Selenkahiye, Hadidi and es-Sweyhat (fig. 1). The levels that yielded vegetable remains span the period from about 2400 B.C. (Early Bronze Age IV) to 1400 B.C. (Late Bronze I). A few samples from Hadidi dating from Roman times are included (table 18). Information on the charred seeds and fruits from the sites under discussion is presented in section 2. (figs. 2-8, 23). Major crop-plant species of the Bronze Age farmers were Hordeum distichum (two-rowed barley), Triticum durum/aestivum (free-threshing wheat), Lens culinaris (lentil) and Lathyrus sativus (grass pea). It seems that Triticum dicoccum (emmer wheat) disappeared after the Early Bronze Age. Pisum sativum (field pea), Cicer arietinum (chick-pea) and Vicia ervilia (bitter vetch) must have been of minor importance. Carthamus tinctorius (safflower) may have been cultivated (Selenkahiye), while for Hadidi Camelina sativa (gold-of-pleasure) has been attested. Both species are oil-crop plants. Barley may have been a surplus commodity that was traded (Selenkahiye). Particularly Selenkahiye yielded great numbers of weed seeds. Comparison with the charred seed record of Late-Palaeolithic Mureybit made it possibie to gain some insight in the weed flora of the Bronze Age fields. I naddition, weed seeds in barley grain supplies provided information on field weeds. A great variety of field weeds, among which various gramineous and leguminous taxa, could with a fair degree of certainty be ascertained for Selenkahiye (and Hadidi). There is no botanical evidence of irrigation agriculture. There are indications that the crop was cut low on the straw. Some special attention is paid to the possibie relation between archaeological feature and seed contents (section 3.4.). The utmost reserve should be observed in this respect. Charred grains and seeds in jars and such-like may often be of secondary origin. Ficus (fig) and Vitis (grape) may have been cultivated in the area, but olives ( Olea europaea ) were probably imported. The collecting of wild fruits most likely played a minor part. Interesting is the find of flower buds and unripe fruits of caper ( Capparis spinosa ) at es-Sweyhat. The river-valley forest must have been the main source of timber for the construction of houses (particularly poplar). In addition, pine and cedar were imported as building timber. Other imported wood types include oak, alder and hornbeam.
51 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a detailed characterization of gilded bronze samples before and after artificial ageing tests was performed by FIB/FEG-SEM, SEM/EDS and micro-Raman spectroscopy, and the protective efficiency of a coating based on 3-mercapto-propyl-trimethoxy-silane was also quantitatively assessed by GF-AAS through analysis of metal release.
46 citations
TL;DR: A revised chronology of the assumed diagnostic type objects of the Early Bronze Age is presented and a radiocarbon-based view on the development of the material culture is recommended and it is proposed that the traditional phases Bz A1 and BZ A2 do not represent a chronological sequence, but regionally different social phenomena connected to the willingness of local actors to appropriate the new bronze technology.
Abstract: The transition from the Neolithic to the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe has often been considered as a supra-regional uniform process, which led to the growing mastery of the new bronze technology. Since the 1920s, archaeologists have divided the Early Bronze Age into two chronological phases (Bronze A1 and A2), which were also seen as stages of technical progress. On the basis of the early radiocarbon dates from the cemetery of Singen, southern Germany, the beginning of the Early Bronze Age in Central Europe was originally dated around 2300/2200 BC and the transition to more complex casting techniques (i.e., Bronze A2) around 2000 BC. On the basis of 140 newly radiocarbon dated human remains from Final Neolithic, Early and Middle Bronze Age cemeteries south of Augsburg (Bavaria) and a re-dating of ten graves from the cemetery of Singen, we propose a significantly different dating range, which forces us to re-think the traditional relative and absolute chronologies as well as the narrative of technical development. We are now able to date the beginning of the Early Bronze Age to around 2150 BC and its end to around 1700 BC. Moreover, there is no transition between Bronze (Bz) A1 and Bronze (Bz) A2, but a complete overlap between the type objects of the two phases from 1900–1700 BC. We thus present a revised chronology of the assumed diagnostic type objects of the Early Bronze Age and recommend a radiocarbon-based view on the development of the material culture. Finally, we propose that the traditional phases Bz A1 and Bz A2 do not represent a chronological sequence, but regionally different social phenomena connected to the willingness of local actors to appropriate the new bronze technology.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors analyzed 14 C samples from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition at Qubur el-Walaydah and used a Bayesian model that incorporated the stratigraphic information.
Abstract: The Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition involves profound cultural and political changes in the southern Levant. The transition is dated to the 12th century BC, based on archaeological artifacts and historical documents. A more precise absolute date for this transition for the southern Levant based on radiocarbon is difficult since the 14 C calibration curve reduces precision significantly due to wiggles that form an approximately 200-yr-long plateau. This article analyzes 14 C samples from the Late Bronze Age to the Iron Age transition at Qubur el-Walaydah. To increase the resolution of 14 C dates within the plateau, 14 C samples were collected only from well-defined multilayered contexts. 14 C dates from 11 contexts were obtained and these were analyzed using a Bayesian model that incorporated the stratigraphic information. Using this integrative approach we date the Late Bronze Age III levels at Qubur el-Walydah, containing the initial phase of locally produced Philistine pottery between 1185–1140 BC, and the Late Bronze to Iron Age transition between 1140–1095 BC. DOI: 10.2458/azu_rc.57.16961
39 citations
01 Jan 2015
39 citations
Book•
26 Jun 2015
TL;DR: The West Eurasian steppes in the Eneolithic, the Early Bronze and the Iron Age were largely inhabited by communities believed to show an elevated level of spatial mobility that is often linked to their subsistence economy as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The West Eurasian steppes in the Eneolithic, the Early Bronze and the Iron Age were largely inhabited by communities believed to show an elevated level of spatial mobility that is often linked to their subsistence economy. Questions concerning the mobility and migration as well as the diet and economy of these communities were approached by applying isotope analysis, resulting in a greater understanding of the lifeways they led.
TL;DR: In this article, a complete and continuous diachronic wood charcoal assemblage for the Middle Bronze Age to Late Iron Age from Kaman-Kalehoyuk in central Anatolia is presented.
TL;DR: An unexpected new source of tin was recently located at Hisarcik, in the foothills of the Mount Erciyes volcano in the Kayseri Plain, close to the Bronze Age town of Kultepe, ancient Kanesh and home to a colony of Assyrian traders as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: An unexpected new source of tin was recently located at Hisarcik, in the foothills of the Mount Erciyes volcano in the Kayseri Plain, close to the Bronze Age town of Kultepe, ancient Kanesh and home to a colony of Assyrian traders. Volcanoes in Turkey have always been associated with obsidian sources but were not known to be a major source of heavy metals, much less tin. X-ray fluorescence analyses of the Hisarcik ores revealed the presence of minerals suitable for the production of complex copper alloys, and sufficient tin and arsenic content to produce tin-bronze. These findings revise our understanding of bronze production in Anatolia in the third millennium BC and demand a re-evaluation of Assyrian trade routes and the position of the Early Bronze Age societies of Anatolia within that network.
TL;DR: A single crucible fragment, recovered from a late 2nd millennium BC slag heap, demonstrates that tin bronze was created by the direct addition of cassiterite tin ore, probably of alluvial origin, to metallic copper as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of bio-field treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder was evaluated using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy.
Abstract: Bronze, a copper-tin alloy, widely utilizing in manufacturing of gears, bearing, and packing technologies due to its versatile physical, mechanical, and chemical properties. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the effect of bio-field treatment on physical and structural properties of bronze powder. Bronze powder was divided into two samples, one served as control and the other sample was received bio-field treatment. Control and treated bronze samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (XRD), particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. XRD result showed that the unit cell volume was reduced upto 0.78% on day 78 in treated bronze as compared to control. Further, the crystallite size was significantly reduced upto 49.96% in treated bronze sample on day 106 as compared to control. In addition, the bio-field treatment has significantly reduced the average particle size upto 18.22% in treated bronze powder as compared to control. SEM data showed agglomerated and welded particles in control bronze powder, whereas fractured morphology at satellites boundaries were observed in treated bronze. The yield strength of bronze powder calculated using Hall- Petch equation, was significantly changed after bio-field treatment. The FT-IR analysis showed that there were three new peaks at 464 cm-1, 736 cm-1, and 835 cm-1 observed in treated bronze as compared to control; indicated that the bio-field treatment may alter the bond properties in bronze. Therefore, the bio-field treatment has substantially altered the characteristics of bronze at physical and structural level.
TL;DR: A great number of ancient bronzes have been recovered in the Near East, but the source of the tin used for their production remains elusive as mentioned in this paper, and new insights into the "tin problem" have been proposed.
Abstract: A great number of ancient bronzes have been recovered in the Near East, but the source of the tin used for their production remains elusive. This paper proposes new insights into the “tin problem” ...
01 Jun 2015
TL;DR: The fruits of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities (grant no. 0108/NPH3/H12/82/2014) have been used for the development of the human sciences as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This publication constitutes the fruits of the National Programme for the Development of the Humanities (grant no. 0108/NPH3/H12/82/2014).
TL;DR: Using trace element and lead isotope analysis, the authors argue that some bronze tools excavated in Sweden could have been made of Cypriot copper; these two discoveries suggest that Scandinavians were travelling to the Mediterranean, rather than acting through a middle man.
Abstract: Bronze Age trade networks across Europe and the Mediterranean are well documented; Baltic amber and bronze metalwork were particularly valued commodities. Here it is argued that demand for copper and tin led to changes in Scandinavian trade routes around 1600 BC, which can be linked to the appearance of figurative rock art images in southern Scandinavia. Images identified as oxhide ingots have been discovered in Sweden and suggest that people from Scandinavia were familiar with this characteristically Mediterranean trading commodity. Using trace element and lead isotope analysis, the authors argue that some bronze tools excavated in Sweden could have been made of Cypriot copper; these two discoveries suggest that Scandinavians were travelling to the Mediterranean, rather than acting through a middle man.
TL;DR: In this article, the possibility of transfer of additives that are in the emulsion mist is shown by the example of the bronze CuSn7Zn4Pb6-stainless steel X10CrNi18-8 friction pair.
Abstract: In this paper, the possibility of the transfer of additives that are in the emulsion mist is shown by the example of the bronze CuSn7Zn4Pb6–stainless steel X10CrNi18-8 friction pair. The additive is first transferred on the processed surface of the part and through it–in the contact zone of the friction pair. It was established that the emulsion mist reduces the roughness of machined stainless steel surface more than three times, and the introduction of additives based on phosphate esters into the emulsion reduces the roughness by 4–4.5 times. Phosphate-based additive remains on the machined surface in significant quantities, even after 30 min working at heavy loads, reducing the instantaneous friction coefficient and the temperature of the friction zone. The mean width of profile elements of the assessed profile of bronze samples decreases by two times and their bearing length ratio decreases by four times. In this case, a decrease in the wear rate of bronze by more than 40% is ensured. This fact indicates the better running-in of the friction pair.
TL;DR: The results of tests on the scoring resistance of newly developed aluminum and antifriction bronze have been presented in this article, and it has been shown that the load of scoring for aluminum alloys is significantly higher than for bronze with a maximum content of the soft structural component.
Abstract: The results of tests on the scoring resistance of newly developed aluminum antifriction alloys and antifriction bronze have been presented. It has been shown that the load of scoring for aluminum alloys is significantly higher than for bronze with a maximum content of the soft structural component, i.e., the best antifriction bronze.
TL;DR: In this article, the femtosecond laser surface texturing technology was used to enhance the lifetime and working performance of a bit sliding bearing under high temperature and heavy load conditions.
Abstract: Purpose – This paper aims to carry out tribological experiments to explore the applications of femtosecond laser surface texturing technology on rock bit sliding bearing to enhance the lifetime and working performance of rock bit sliding bearing under high temperature and heavy load conditions. Design/methodology/approach – Surface textures on beryllium bronze specimen were fabricated by femtosecond laser ablation (800 nm wavelength, 40 fs pulse duration, 1 kHz pulse repetition frequency), and then the tribological behaviors of pin-on-disc configuration of rock bit bearing were performed with 20CrNiMo/beryllium bronze tribo-pairs under non-Newtonian lubrication of rock bit grease. Findings – The results showed that the surface texture on beryllium bronze specimens with specific geometrical features can be achieved by optimizing femtosecond laser processing via adjusting laser peak power and exposure time; more than 52 per cent of friction reduction was obtained from surface texture with a depth-to-diamete...
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical survey of corrosion products was carried out using X-ray diffraction, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR), and μRaman spectrograms.
Abstract: Laser cleaning of bronze artefacts is a very promising conservation approach and its wider distribution would benefit from further studies of its advantages and drawbacks. Some important references are available, yet laser cleaning cannot be considered a traditional method for bronze surfaces. In this paper, we report on the evaluation of cleaning tests performed on an important statue of Napoleon, depicted as Mars the Peacemaker, cast by Righetti in 1811 after a model by Antonio Canova. The sculpture is exposed to the outdoor environment in the main courtyard of the Brera Gallery, Milan, Italy. An analytical survey of corrosion products was carried out using X-ray diffraction, micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (μFTIR), and μRaman spectroscopy; and scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis was applied to cross-sections. The results showed the ubiquitous presence of brochantite Cu4(SO4)(OH)6. Antlerite Cu3SO4(OH)4 is also occasionally present. Resid...
19 May 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, a catalogue of the bronze winged axes of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in the Netherlands, ordered by types, is presented, showing that they occur in limited numbers, practically exclusively in the southeastern part of the country, chiefly in Limburg.
Abstract: This paper is a catalogue of the bronze winged axes of the Middle and Late Bronze Age in the Netherlands, ordered by types. They occur in limited number, practically exclusively in the southeastern part of the country, chiefly in Limburg. They apparently represent imports from the East French area over a wide period, from the 13th or 12th to the 9th or 8th centuries BC.
TL;DR: The discovery of 373 intact and broken tin-bronze socketed axes accompanied by 404 fragments in four pits at Langton Matravers collectively represents one of the largest hoards found to date in prehistoric Britain and Ireland as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Summary
The discovery of 373 intact and broken tin-bronze socketed axes accompanied by 404 fragments in four pits at Langton Matravers collectively represents one of the largest hoards found to date in prehistoric Britain and Ireland. They were very probably never meant to be used as axes as the very high levels of tin they contain would have made them brittle. Many were poorly finished, with the majority still containing their casting cores. The axes are typologically dated to the Llyn Fawr metalwork phase (c.800–600 BC) and span the Bronze Age/Iron Age transition, when the production, circulation and deposition of bronze appear to have been substantially reduced throughout north-west Europe. By placing the Langton Matravers hoard(s) in a broader metallurgical, material and archaeological context, existing theories for this phenomenon, such as the preference for iron, a collapse in bronze supply, or the sharp devaluation of a social or ritual ‘bronze standard’, are evaluated. It is proposed that the Langton Matravers axes belong to a short phase in the centuries-long processes underlying the changing roles of bronze and iron.
TL;DR: The crystal structure and electrical properties of a tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) compound, BaBiNb5O15, were investigated by high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and AC impedance spectroscopy.
Abstract: The crystal structure and electrical properties of a tetragonal tungsten bronze (TTB) compound, BaBiNb5O15, were investigated by high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and AC impedance spectroscopy. The compound is a new type of oxide ion conductor with a total electrical conductivity of 3 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 600 °C and a relatively small activation energy (0.3–0.5 eV). It is suggested that the large amount of cationic vacancies in the A sites, the large free space created by the large Ba2+ cations, and the splits of the Bi atoms are in favor of oxygen ion migration. This stable tungsten bronze compound BaBiNb5O15 with moderate oxide ion conductivity shows potential for applications in SOFC anodes, amperometric gas sensors, and active catalyst supports.
Patent•
04 Mar 2015
TL;DR: In this article, a processing method for a rolling lock point type bearing retainer is presented. But the method is not suitable for the case of the inner step structure type of the retainer, and it cannot solve the problems that an existing retainer easily generates stress and cracks.
Abstract: The invention discloses a processing method for a bronze bearing retainer, relates to a processing method for a bearing retainer, and aims at solving the problems that an existing bronze bearing retainer easily generates stress and a surface cold-work hardening layer in the machining process, cracks are generated on a preliminary shaft of the bronze retainer, and the accuracy of the bronze retainer cannot be ensured. When the bronze bearing retainer is of a rolling lock point type, the processing method comprises the following steps: molding; coarsely grinding the outer diameter; finely turning the front end surface; finely turning the rear end surface; finely turning the inner diameter; turning a chamfer angle; marking; drilling; broaching a square hole; finally grinding the outer diameter; finally turning the inner diameter; removing burrs; polishing; removing stress; chopping or grinding lock points; plating silver. When the bronze bearing retainer is of an inner step structure type, the processing method comprises the following steps: molding; coarsely grinding the outer diameter; finely turning the front end surface; finely turning the rear end surface; finely turning the inner diameter; turning a chamfer angle; marking; drilling; broaching a square hole; finally grinding the outer diameter; finally turning the inner diameter; removing stress; coping the outer diameter; turning an inner step; removing burrs; polishing; plating silver. The processing method for the bronze bearing retainer can be obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, a 7th century BC archeological vase from the SW Iberian Peninsula, displaying a well formed corrosion patina was analyzed by means of a portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer.
01 Sep 2015-Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section B-beam Interactions With Materials and Atoms
TL;DR: In this paper, a collection of coeval metallurgical remains and artefacts was studied by EDXRF, micro-EDXRF and SEM-EDS to identify certain features of the production and utilisation of metal in protohistoric Western Iberia.
Abstract: The Phoenician arrival at Iberian coastal regions had an actual influence on indigenous technology. A collection of coeval metallurgical remains and artefacts was studied by EDXRF, micro-EDXRF, SEM–EDS and XRD, to identify certain features of the production and utilisation of metal in protohistoric Western Iberia. The composition of artefacts indicates a prevalence of Cu–Sn alloys with low content of impurities (Pb, As, Sb and Fe) during Late Bronze and Early Iron Ages, while the composition of slags points to a smaller loss of copper in Phoenician smelting operations. Moreover, the amount of iron impurities in metal proved to be a helpful discriminator between indigenous and Phoenician-based metallurgies, showing that later alloys have higher amounts of iron. Besides, the indigenous alloys have higher tin contents that can probably be explained by the easier access to metal sources of local communities.
TL;DR: In this article, an innovative non-invasive multi-analytical approach for the archaeometallurgical characterisation of ancient bronze artefacts using high resolution neutron tomography, time of flight neutron diffraction, and laser induced plasma spectroscopy has been investigated.
Abstract: Here, an innovative non-invasive multi-analytical approach for the archaeometallurgical characterisation of ancient bronze artefacts using high resolution neutron tomography, time of flight neutron diffraction, and laser induced plasma spectroscopy has been investigated. We show its effectiveness through an example application aimed at describing the crafting processes, characterising the alloy compositions and deterioration phenomenologies of three small bronze figurines from the antiquarian collection of the Egyptian Museum of Florence. The present methodology has allowed unprecedented overall archaeometallurgical descriptions of these artefacts based on the detection of fine morphological details, degree of mineralisation, elemental and phase composition of the metal walls, and mineral contents of the core materials. Such an approach can be extended to other hollow copper alloy artefacts in order to identify their raw materials and interpret their technological processes.