Showing papers on "Credibility published in 1984"

Effects of Organizational Structure of Marketing Planning on Credibility and Utilization of Plan Output

Abstract: The authors investigate the effects of the organizational structure used for marketing planning on the credibility and utilization of marketing plans. Data on 53 organizations were obtained from mu...

Jurors' Reactions to Child Witnesses

Abstract: Adults often do not know when to believe children. There are few places where this uncertainty is more consequential than in a court of law where jurors may be forced to base their verdict largely on the testimony of children. Legal and cultural stereotypes undermine children's credibility as witnesses by portraying them as basically honest but highly manipulable, unable to differentiate fantasy from reality, and lacking in cognitive sophistication. In this article, we review juror, witness, and courtroom factors that influence a child's credibility. We also present the results of our own studies on reactions to child witnesses.

Credibility and Monetary Policy

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the most important existing ideas concerning credibility of monetary policy, with special emphasis given to matters pertaining to the U.S. economy and the practices and procedures of the Fed. The main discussion begins with Fellner's hypothesis that the costs of a disinflationary episode will be smaller when the public believes that the disinflation will in fact be carried out. This hypothesis has been challenged recently by several writers; an evaluation of their evidence is attempted and some new results presented. Next, the discussion turns to positive analyses of the monetary policy-making process. Models developed by Barro and Gordon and others are examined, the object being to develop an understanding of why certain features of monetary policy tend to prevail. The main implications of this analysis are then used to consider various strategies for obtaining a type of policy behavior that might produce better macroeconomic results--less inflation with no more unemployment--than the U.S. has experienced in the recent past. Particular proposals touched upon include the adoption of a commodity-money standard, a balanced-budget amendment, a legislated monetary rule, a nominal GNP target, and the absorption of the Fed into the Treasury.

Public Views on Crime: Television Exposure and Media Credibility

Abstract: (1984). Public Views on Crime: Television Exposure and Media Credibility. Annals of the International Communication Association: Vol. 8, Communication Yearbook 8, pp. 514-536.

The importance of the forecast

Abstract: Careful forecasts, as accurate as possible, are central to the successful implementation of policy. There are fundamental reasons why policy makers cannot ‘play by ear’, adjusting policy quickly to each unexpected deviation in economic outcomes. Specific incidents are described where economic policy went awry because of faulty forecasts. The policy process is described in detail to show precisely where the forecast enters. Forecasting as a validation tool for establishing credibility in policy formation is analysed and discussed. Some estimated measure of forecast accuracy is presented, together with commentary on the necessary degrees of precision for successful implementation of policy.

Talking fast and changing attitudes: A critique and clarification

Abstract: Previous research on the effects of vocal rate on credibility and persuasion has not carefully considered several methodological and theoretical issues. An investigation was conducted that controlled for a number of methodological factors, and considered different explanatory possibilities. Results indicated more complex and constrained relationships between rate of vocalization, credibility, and persuasion than some previous research had found, and were consistent with research in the person perception literature. Support for a straightforward credibility bolstering explanation was not found, and other explanatory rationales were considered.

Source credibility, attitudes, and the recall of past behaviours

Abstract: The hypothesis that individuals' memory for their past behaviours may be biased toward apparent consistency with their current attitudes was tested by exposing subjects to a message that argued against frequent toothbrushing. Some subjects believed that the source of this message was an expert (high credibility condition), whereas other subjects learned after the message that the speaker was misinformed (low credibility condition). Subjects in the high credibility condition expressed less favourable attitudes toward toothbrushing and reported that they had brushed their teeth less often in the preceding four weeks than did subjects in the low credibility condition. A three-week follow-up showed that the attitudinal difference was still significant but that estimates of past toothbrushing did not differ reliably between the two conditions. The results suggest that when attitudes are very salient, they increase the accessibility of consistent behaviours in memory.

Trust and Influence in an Ambiguous Group Setting.

Abstract: of potential trust of p by o. Subsequent research by Giffin and McCleary (1978) suggest strong support both for the reliability and validity of the instrument and for the basis for weighting three factors-reliability, activeness, and expertness-which constitute the dimensions of trust potential. The elements forming the reliability factor deal with the perceived reliability as well as the intentions of the perceived person. Such elements include perceptions of respectfulness, kindness, honesty, goodness, unselfishness, sincerity, morality, patience, and niceness. In part, this factor reflects perceived

Credibility and Monetary Policy

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the most important existing ideas concerning credibility of monetary policy, with special emphasis given to matters pertaining to the US economy and the practices and procedures of the Fed The main discussion begins with Fellner's hypothesis that the costs of a disinflationary episode will be smaller when the public believes that the disinflation will in fact be carried out This hypothesis has been challenged recently by several writers; an evaluation of their evidence is attempted and some new results presented Next, the discussion turns to positive analyses of the monetary policy-making process Models developed by Barro and Gordon and others are examined, the object being to develop an understanding of why certain features of monetary policy tend to prevail The main implications of this analysis are then used to consider various strategies for obtaining a type of policy behavior that might produce better macroeconomic results--less inflation with no more unemployment--than the US has experienced in the recent past Particular proposals touched upon include the adoption of a commodity-money standard, a balanced-budget amendment, a legislated monetary rule, a nominal GNP target, and the absorption of the Fed into the Treasury

Effect of treatment rationale and problem severity upon therapeutic preferences.

Abstract: Summary-Undergraduate men and women (n = 172) initially indicated their preferences for behavioral or psychoanalytic therapy Participants then read a case description of either test anxiety or paranoid schizophrenia followed by a behavioral or psychoanalytic treatment rationale tailored to the problem They rated the credibility of the treatment rationale and then once again indicated their preference so that changes in preferences could be assessed Behavioral treatment rationales received significantly higher credibility ratings than psychoanalytic rationales Behavioral rationales were seen as significantly more credible than psychoanalytic rationales for test anxiety, and the two rationales received similar credibility ratings for paranoid schizophrenia Rationales significantly affected therapeutic preferences Women were more internally oriented, gave higher credibility ratings, and were more willing to consider seeking psychological help than men The modifiability of therapeutic preferences is discussed Treatment rationales have elicited varying credibility and effectiveness ratings Perceptions of confidence and faith in the therapy approach and in the therapist can be modified by the treatment rationale Perceptions of treatment rationales are also influenced by and concomitantly affect persons' views of clinical problems (11, 12, 13) However, little is known concerning whether treatment rationales can influence preferences for therapy Current research concerning whether preferences can be modified is mixed In one study preferences changed significantly over the course of therapy (8), and in another were highly stable (6) This study assessed whether treatment rationales tailored to different psychological problems could influence initially held preferences for therapy The study of the persuasiveness of treatment rationales is important in its own right since it may contribute to the efficacy of a treatment approach (10) Participants initially indicated their preference for either a behavioral or psychoanalytic therapeutic orientation after reading a brief description of each They then assessed rhe credibility of either a behavioral or psychoanalytic treatment rationale which was tailored either to test anxiety or paranoid schizophrenia Persons preferring the behavioral therapy orientation were expected to give behavioral treatment rationales higher credibility ratings, and subjects preferring the psychoanalytic approach were expected to give psychoanalytic treatment rationales higher credibility ratings Based upon prev

The impact of aesthetic and professionally‐related objects on credibility in the office setting

Abstract: This study was designed to measure the impact of two kinds of microenvironmental variables, professionally‐related and aesthetic objects, on specific dimensions of credibility that define the image of the occupant of a faculty office. Presence of professionally‐related objects in the office enhanced both the occupant's perceived authoritativeness and trustworthiness, while presence of aesthetic objects enhanced perceptions of trustworthiness. Communicative implications of the findings are discussed.

Podiatry: critical issues in the 1980s.

Abstract: As part of a larger study on the place of podiatry within the American health care system, this report suggests four critical issues facing podiatry as an independent health profession in the 1980s. The four concerns are: low visibility and credibility, lack of a strong professional self-image, struggle for more liberal hospital privileges, and the threat of loss of federal financial support.

The Unworthy Victim: Police Discretion in the Credibility Call

Abstract: Wherever power is lodged, discretion flows. Wide or narrow, considered or unconscious, authoritative choices are made by police up and down the line of command. Recognized, studied, described, and criticized, field discretion exercised by police often guides the decision to charge a person with the commission of a crime. Among the factors in that choice, one large variable remains cloudy: the character and credibility of the victim. This article examines that factor in the context of some observations I

Innermathematical vs. extramathematical obstructions to model credibility

Abstract: Distrust of the reliability of mathematical modelling and criteria for quality assessment of models are discussed Against the tendency to confine the evaluation process to direct empirical control exclusively, it is shown that the criteria of credibility evaluation depend both on the extra-mathematical scientific status of the model, ie how structured the theoretical universe is to which the model belongs, and on the analytical transparency of the mathematical treatment: Theoretically based and analytically treated models are not necessarily “better” than ad-hoc models treated by procedures of dubious convergence; however, they can be checked theoretically, whereas the other models depend solely on empirical control This forces the mathematical-modelling community to reconsider its relations to the public

Credibility of black and white newscasters to a black audience

Abstract: Using the variables of physical appearance, message believability and performance, black viewers rated the credibility of local black and white newscasters. The predictors of age, income and education were used to identify audiences.

Do Disclosure Attempts Influence Claim Believability and Perceived Advertiser Credibility

Abstract: Comparative messages, two-sided messages, and messages containing product performance test results represent several methods by which advertisers may attempt to provide greater amounts of information to buyers. The use of one or more of these methods may have positive or negative influence on several dimensions of advertisement effectiveness. The purpose of the factorial-designed laboratory study reported here was to explore the effects on these information disclosure attempts in print advertisements on a reader's confidence in product claims and on his or her perceived credibility of the advertiser.

The Effects of Widescreen Television on Local and National Newscaster Credibility: an Experimental Study.

Abstract: The purpose of this study was to determine if there were any perceived differences in credibility between the widescreen television treatment, standard screen treatment and national and local newscasters. The data revealed no significant differences as a result of the widescreen television treatment. In addition, no significant main effects were observed between the newscaster treatments, "local" and "national,” suggesting that as a group, viewers do not appear to have any predispositional attitudes dependent upon specific criteria toward the credibility of either type of newscaster. The design of the experiment was a classic 2 x 2 factor­ ial design. The stimulus was a simulated newscast employing a professional newscaster in a major metropolitan market unknown to the test subjects. The final simulated tape also contained two actualities from a CBS broadcast taped October 12, 1983 at 5:30 P.M. CST. The newscaster treatment was administered verbally to subjects before the tape was shown. Test groups #1 and #2 were told that the tape was sent by CBS and was a demonstration tape of a newscaster recently hired by its news department. Groups #3 and #4 were told they were x i going to see a local newscaster in a major metropolitan market. Test subjects were asked to rate only the anchorman seen in the newscast and not any of the other news persons (correspondents) in the broadcast. Groups #2 and #4 viewed the newscast on a 6-foot (diagonal) widescreen television projection system manufactured by the SONY Corporation. Groups #1 and #3 viewed the simulated newscast on a conventional, tube—type RCA color television set (25" measured diagonally). Because of the experimental nature of this research, a reliable testing instrument was developed in a pilot study. The same simulated newscast described above was used. All pre-test subjects saw the simulated newscast on a conventional tube-type 25" (diagonal) television set. The test subjects responded to the twenty-five item semantic differential instrument developed by McCroskey and Jenson in 1975. Eighteen scales passed the McCroskey and Jenson criterion for inclusion in the final testing instrument.

Social Justice and the Legitimation of Aggressive Behavior

Abstract: There are three ways in which philosophy, as I see it, is concerned with social psychological topics such as aggression: 1. Conceptual clarification. Philosophy brings to bear its analytical competence on the analysis of key concepts, which those working with these concepts in their everyday research often lack the necessary distance to view in a sufficiently detached and comprehensive perspective. Philosophical analysis should not be seen as a rival, but rather as a cooperative enterprise. 2. Rational criticism of methods used, interpretations imposed on the data, and possible normative proposals derived from these interpretations. In close cooperation with scientific methodology, philosophy contributes to the rational assessment of the credibility, import, and scope of a scientific theory in the light of such criteria as consistence, coherence, systematic unity, explicitness, rigor and evidential support. 3. The last and most representative concern of philosophy in respect to psychological research is the integration of psychological results in an overall view of human nature.

The linear growth credibility model

Abstract: The investigation of evolutionary models, i.e. models allowing the risk parameter to change in time, has been one of the main topics of research in credibility theory in the last few years. In the present paper a very special (but rather practicable) evolutionary model is defined and recursions for the credibility estimator are stated.