Showing papers on "Desalination published in 2008"
TL;DR: A number of seawater desalination technologies have been developed during the last several decades to augment the supply of water in arid regions of the world as mentioned in this paper, however, many countries are unable to afford these technologies as a fresh water resource.
1,265 citations
TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) has attracted the interest of the community investigating water treatment technologies since the mid-1960s as mentioned in this paper, based on the recognition that high-surface-area electrodes, when electrically charged, can quantitatively adsorb ionic components from water, thereby resulting in desalination.
990 citations
TL;DR: It is shown that membranes incorporating carbon nanotubes can, in principle, achieve a high degree of desalination at flow rates far in excess of existing membranes.
Abstract: The transport of water and ions through membranes formed from carbon nanotubes ranging in diameter from 6 to 11 A is studied using molecular dynamics simulations under hydrostatic pressure and equilibrium conditions. Membranes incorporating carbon nanotubes are found to be promising candidates for water desalination using reverse osmosis, and the size and uniformity of tubes that is required to achieve a desired salt rejection is determined. By calculating the potential of mean force for ion and water translocation, we show that ions face a large energy barrier and will not pass through the narrower tubes studied ((5,5) and (6,6) “armchair” type tubes) but can pass through the wider (7,7) and (8,8) nanotubes. Water, however, faces no such impediment due to the formation of stable hydrogen bonds and crosses all of the tubes studied at very large rates. By measuring this conduction rate under a hydrostatic pressure difference, we show that membranes incorporating carbon nanotubes can, in principle, achieve ...
900 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview on present seawater desalination capacities by region, a synopsis of the key environmental concerns of desalification, including ways of mitigating the impacts on the environment, and of avoiding some of the dangers of the environment to Desalination.
864 citations
TL;DR: A taxonomy of a large number of related publications, classified in a systematic method and format, in order to allow meaningful comparisons and facilitate the derivation of useful conclusions is presented in this paper.
680 citations
TL;DR: The current energy consumption of different desalination processes is reviewed and a comparison with other common energy-consuming ventures leads to some interesting conclusions.
Abstract: Water, energy, and environmental issues are closely related. New water techniques consume energy, and innovative renewable energy techniques using biofuels and biodiesel consume an incredible amount of water. Different desalination techniques that consume different energy levels from different sources are in use today. Some people, environmentalists, decision makers, and even scientists, mainly in nonscientific publications, consider energy consumption in desalination to be too high and are seeking new ways of reducing it, which often involves increasing capital investment. Efforts should be directed at reducing not only energy consumption but also total water cost. A competent grasp of thermodynamics and heat and mass transfer theory, as well as a proper understanding of current desalination processes, is essential for ensuring beneficial improvements in desalination processes. Thermodynamics sets the absolute minimum limit of the work energy required to separate water from a salt solution. Unavoidable i...
641 citations
01 Dec 2008
523 citations
TL;DR: Capacitive deionization (CDI) with carbon-aerogel electrodes represents a novel process in desalination of brackish water and has merit due to its low fouling/scaling potential, ambient operational conditions, electrostatic regeneration, and low voltage requirements.
504 citations
TL;DR: The use of solar energy in thermal desalination processes is one of the most promising applications of the renewable energies as discussed by the authors, however, it requires large land areas and has a relatively low productivity.
423 citations
TL;DR: The better desalination performance of MCDI than that of CDI is due to the minimized ion desorption during electrosorption, and no change in adsorption behavior when ion-exchange membranes are introduced into CDI system.
278 citations
TL;DR: Consequently, membrane manufacturers recommend that feed-water chlorine concentration to such membranes belimited lower than 0.1ppm before being fed to membrane desalination units.
Abstract: Consequently, membrane manufacturers recommend thatfeed-water chlorine concentration to such membranes belimitedtoconcentrationslowerthan01ppmTomeettheseconflicting requirements, water to be purified is oftenchlorinated,todisinfectitandultimatelyinhibitbiofoulingof the membranes, then dechlorinated before being fed tomembrane desalination units After passing through themembranes, the water is then rechlorinated before beingsenttothedistributionnetwork
TL;DR: Polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber membrane could be used in membrane distillation (MD) to produce drinking water (NaCl concentration) as discussed by the authors, which is used in water purification.
TL;DR: In this article, a L9 orthogonal array (four factors in three levels) was employed to evaluate effects of temperature (at 25, 40, and 55°C), voltage (at 5, 7, and 9 V), flow rate (at 0.07, 0.13, and 0.25 mL/s), and feed concentration (at 10, 000, 20,000, and 40,000 ppm) on separation percentage of salt ions.
TL;DR: In this paper, an impact assessment tool is developed for the environmental evaluation of potable water production, and the main source of impacts is shown to be electricity production for plant operation, and improvement levers are presented for impact reduction and for the objective comparison between alternative and conventional water treatment processes.
TL;DR: In this article, an economic assessment performed to estimate the expected water cost, which is the ultimate measure of the feasibility of the stand-alone system, is presented, based on the calculations, the estimated cost of potable water produced by the compact unit is $15/m 3, and $18 /m 3 for water generated by the large unit.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the energy efficiency of conventional activated sludge followed by UF/MF-RO and MBR-RO, and showed that wastewater reuse is a very attractive energy option, and that schemes should be considered where possible using UF or MF-RO after conventional sewage treatment, or MBR for smaller schemes, or where space is at a premium.
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar organic rankine cycle (ORC) engines for reverse osmosis (RO) desalination using currently available solar thermal collectors were modeled using the Aspen Plus process simulator.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the pre-treatment alternatives of reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membranes and found the most appropriate treatment combination for the produced water generated from oil production fields in Trakya region.
TL;DR: In this article, a process optimization method for the design of reverse osmosis (RO) processes is developed for a brackish water reverse oslosis (BWRO) desalination project, for which the optimal design is characterized depending on the economical conditions.
TL;DR: In this article, a basin type solar still with improved condensation technique was designed and built, and a performance study was carried out with different samples such as tap water, seawater and dairy industry effluent.
TL;DR: In this paper, a cost database of 300+ desalination plants was collated and a simple technique for generating order of magnitude cost estimates is the development of a series of cost correlations based on the cost database.
TL;DR: Climate change, growing populations and political concerns are prompting governments and investors from California to China to take a fresh look at desalination and Quirin Schiermeier wades in.
Abstract: Climate change, growing populations and political concerns are prompting governments and investors from California to China to take a fresh look at desalination. Quirin Schiermeier wades in.
TL;DR: In this article, the scaling potential of hollow fiber membrane-based crossflow direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) is analyzed in terms of the saturation index profiles throughout the hollow fiber module as a function of the location in the module for the sparingly soluble salt, CaSO 4, in various forms (such as, gypsum and anhydrite).
TL;DR: The feasibility and cost effectiveness of nanofiltration and ultra-low pressure reverse osmosis (ULPRO) membranes as potential techniques for beneficial use of produced water by meeting potable and irrigation water quality standards and concentrating iodide in the brine was investigated in this paper.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the environmental impacts of using brackish groundwater instead of sea water for reverse osmosis desalination and found that the key life-cycle issue of brackisch groundwater desalification is electricity consumption, and since this is substantially reduced with regard to using sea water, the life cycle impacts are almost 50% lower.
TL;DR: In this article, the feasibility of electrocoagulation as a pretreatment process to remove silica from the source brackish water was investigated and the effects of several electrical parameters, including electrode arrangement, current intensity and hydraulic retention time, were studied on the basis of silica removal efficiency.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the effect of flatter discharge angles of about 30° to 45° above horizontal on the performance of CorJet, a jet integral model within the CORMIX expert system.
TL;DR: In this article, the economic feasibility of three alternative configurations of an autonomous reverse osmosis (RO) unit for remote areas in the UAE is explored, where the unit is driven either by a diesel generator, a PV-diesel hybrid system or solely driven by solar panels without battery backup.
TL;DR: In this paper, a small pilot plant for direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) based desalination was built and operated successfully on a daily basis for 3 months, where hot brine was either city water, city water containing salt at the level of 3.5, 6, or sea water trucked in from Long Island Sound, CT.
Patent•
27 Jun 2008
TL;DR: In this article, carbonate compound precipitation is used as a building material for desalination, and a precipitate product of the carbonate compounds precipitation conditions is employed as building material, e.g., a cement.
Abstract: Desalination methods that include carbonate compound precipitation are provided. In certain embodiments, feed water is subjected to carbonate compound precipitation conditions prior to desalination. In certain embodiments, desalination waste brine is subjected to carbonate compound precipitation conditions. In yet other embodiments, both feed water and waste brine are subjected to carbonate compound precipitation conditions. Aspects of embodiments of the invention include carbone dioxide sequestration. Embodiments of the invention further employ a precipitate product of the carbonate compound precipitation conditions as a building material, e.g., a cement. Also provided are systems configured for use in methods of the invention.