Showing papers on "Dibutyl phthalate published in 2008"
TL;DR: Urinary concentrations of BP and metabolites of DEP and DBP after topical application are investigated and all 26 subjects showed increased excretion of MEP, MBP and BP following topical application.
Abstract: Diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and butyl paraben (BP) are man-made chemicals used in personal care products, such as lotions and creams. Exposure to these chemicals causes a variety of adverse reproductive outcomes in animal studies. Humans can be exposed to these chemicals through dermal absorption, but there are no published data on absorption, metabolism, and excretion after dermal application. This study investigates urinary concentrations of BP and metabolites of DEP and DBP after topical application. In a 2-week single-blinded study, 26 healthy Caucasian male subjects were given a whole body topical application of basic cream 2 mg/cm(2) (control week) and then a cream containing 2% (w/w) of DEP, DBP and BP each (treatment week) daily. Twenty-four-hour urine samples were collected. Urinary total, and unconjugated BP, monoethyl phthalate (MEP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) metabolites were analysed by Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectroscopy (LC-MS/MS). All 26 subjects showed increased excretion of MEP, MBP and BP following topical application. Total MEP, MBP and BP (mean +/- SEM) excreted in urine in the treatment week were, respectively, 41 +/- 1.9, 11.8 +/- 0.6 and 2.6 +/- 0.1 mg/24 h. On average 5.79, 1.82 and 0.32%, respectively, of the applied DEP, DBP and BP could be recovered in urine as MEP, MBP and BP. The concentration of the compounds peaked in urine 8-12 h after application. The fractions of unconjugated MEP, MBP, and BP were 78, 8.0 and 2.1%, respectively. Absorption of DEP, DBP and BP through skin could potentially contribute to adverse health effects. The three chemicals are systemically absorbed, metabolized and excreted in urine following application on the skin in a cream preparation. More DEP than DBP was absorbed, presumably because of a faster absorption rate for DEP.
251 citations
TL;DR: The detection of DBP metabolites indicates that DBP biodegradation might begin by ester hydrolysis to form monobutyl phthalate (MBP) and corresponding alcohol, and the microbial populations are higher and reduce more slowly in black soils than those in fluvo-aquic soils.
229 citations
TL;DR: In vitro data suggest that the effect of a mixture depends on the concentration, character, potency and composition of the single mixture compounds and that also the combined effects of the compounds should be taken into consideration for risk assessment of human health.
172 citations
17 Mar 2008-Food Additives and Contaminants Part A-chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment
TL;DR: No significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples, and the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency reference dose.
Abstract: Phthalic acid and phthalate esters are of growing interest due to their significant usage and potential toxicity. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and glass are both widely used materials for bottled drinking water. In this study, phthalic acid (PhA), bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DiisoBP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) were analysed in a large number of Italian bottled water samples. These samples showed different concentrations of phthalates are nearly 20 times higher in samples bottled in PET than those from glass bottles with total levels of phthalates of 3.52 and 0.19 microg l(-1), respectively. However, the observed levels do not represent a significant exposure pathway when considering the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) reference dose (an estimate of a daily oral exposure to the human population, including sensitive subgroups, that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of deleterious effects during a lifetime). In addition, no significant correlation was found between the phthalate concentrations and the physicochemical properties of the different water samples, apart from the still/sparkling water parameter for the PET samples. In this instance, slightly higher concentrations were observed for the PET bottled still water samples than for the sparkling water samples, although no explanation has been found yet.
153 citations
TL;DR: Investigation of the adsorption behaviour of dibutyl phthalate on marine sediments collected from five different sites in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong found that the black carbon content of the sediments has a much greater DBP adsorbed capacity than does the natural organic matter of thesediments.
48 citations
TL;DR: Two cathepsin B inhibitors were isolated from the culture supernatant of a marine Pseudomonas sp.
45 citations
TL;DR: In vapour-phase toxicity tests with adult D. farinae, the test compounds described were much more effective in closed—but not in open—containers, indicating that the effect of these compounds was largely a result of action in the vapour phase.
Abstract: The toxicity to adults of the American house dust mite, Dermatophagoides farinae, and the European house dust mite, Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, of cassia bark and cassia and cinnamon oil compounds was examined using residual contact and vapour-phase toxicity bioassays. Results were compared with those of the currently used acaricides: benzyl benzoate and dibutyl phthalate. The acaricidal principles of cassia bark were identified as (E)-cinnamaldehyde and salicylaldehyde. In fabric-circle residual contact bioassays with adult D. farinae, salicylaldehyde (17.3 mg/m2) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (25.8 mg/m2) were 2.5 and 1.7 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate (43.7 mg/m2), respectively, based on 24-h LD50 values. The acaricidal activity was more pronounced in benzaldehyde, menthol, α-terpineol, and thymol (70.8–234.3 mg/m2) than in dibutyl phthalate (281.0 mg/m2). Against adult D. pteronyssinus, salicylaldehyde (17.3 mg/m2) and (E)-cinnamaldehyde (19.3 mg/m2) were 2.4- and 2.2-fold more active than benzyl benzoate (41.9 mg/m2). The toxicity of benzaldehyde, menthol, α-terpineol, and thymol (75.3–179.2 mg/m2) was higher than that of dibutyl phthalate (285.1 mg/m2). In vapour-phase toxicity tests with adult D. farinae, the test compounds described were much more effective in closed—but not in open—containers, indicating that the effect of these compounds was largely a result of action in the vapour phase.
40 citations
TL;DR: Manicurists are occupationally exposed to dibutyl phthalate at work and glove use may minimize this exposure.
Abstract: Objective:To measure manicurists’ exposure to dibutyl phthalate (DBP) at work and to determine whether workplace characteristics influence this exposure. DBP is a reproductive and developmental toxicant in rats and is used in nail polish to hold color and prevent chipping.Methods:Pre- and postshift
39 citations
TL;DR: Results of growth tests showed that strain PA-02 was a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium with strong auto-aggregation ability and possessed PAE-degrading ability without acclimation, and was robust under high concentrations of DMP and PA.
Abstract: Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) contamination in water, air, and soil is one of the major environmental concerns in many countries. Besides the PAE biodegradation process, the PAE degrading bacteria have become one of the focuses of study. This study reports the successful isolation of one kind of indigenous bacterium PA-02 from phthalic acid (PA)-degrading aerobic granules. Based on its 16S ribosomal DNA sequence, isolate PA-02 was identified as Sphingomonas genus with 100% similarity to Sphingomonas sp. strain D84532. Strain PA-02 was a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium with strong auto-aggregation ability. In particular, the strain PA-02 possessed PAE-degrading ability without acclimation. Results of growth tests showed that strain PA-02 could degrade dimethyl phthalate (DMP), dibutyl phthalate, and diethylhexyl phthalate. The specific degradation rates of DMP and PA were concentration-dependent with maximum values of 0.4 g-DMP g(-1) biomass h(-1) and 1.3 g-PA g(-1) biomass h(-1), respectively. Kinetic studies also revealed that PA-02 was robust under high concentrations of DMP and PA. Even when the PA concentration was increased to 1,000.0 mg l(-1), the specific PA degradation rate was about 0.25 g-PA g(-1) biomass h(-1). The corresponding value for DMP was 0.067 g-DMP g(-1) biomass h(-1) at 1,000 mg l(-1).
37 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that some agrochemicals and resin-related chemicals may potentially inhibit macrophage function, which suggests that endocrine disruptors may influence the development of infectious diseases.
Abstract: Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) may potentially worsen infectious diseases because EDCs disturb human immune function by interfering with endocrine balance. To evaluate the influence of EDCs on the innate immune function of macrophages, we investigated the effects of 37 possible EDCs on lipopolysaccharide-induced activation of the IFN-beta promoter. Alachlor, atrazine, benomyl, bisphenol A, carbaryl, diethyl phthalate, dipropyl phthalate, kelthane, kepone, malathion, methoxychlor, octachlorostyrene, pentachlorophenol, nonyl phenol, p-octylphenol, simazine and ziram all inhibited the activation. Kepone and ziram showed strong inhibitory effects. Aldicarb, amitrole, benzophenone, butyl benzyl phthalate, 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid, dibutyl phthalate, 2,4-dichlorophenol, dicyclohexyl phthalate, diethylhexyl adipate, diethylhexyl phthalate, dihexyl phthalate, di-n-pentyl phthalate, methomyl, metribuzin, nitrofen, 4-nitrotoluene, permethrin, trifluralin, 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and vinclozolin had no significant effects at 100 muM. These results indicate that some agrochemicals and resin-related chemicals may potentially inhibit macrophage function, which suggests that endocrine disruptors may influence the development of infectious diseases.
35 citations
TL;DR: The results revealed that the discarding of wastes into the open dump is a potential source of soil contamination in the immediate vicinity and beyond, via dispersal.
Abstract: This work reports the determination of the levels of phthalate esters (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), diethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP)) and metals (lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc, iron, calcium) in composite soil samples. The soil samples were collected randomly within the Muledane open dump, Thohoyandou, Limpopo province, South Africa. Control samples were collected about 200 m away from the open dump. The phthalate esters were separated and determined by capillary gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector, whilst the metals were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Open dump values for the phthalate esters and metals to be generally higher in comparison to control samples for DMP, DEP, DBP and DEHP – the mean values calculated were 0.31 ± 0.12, 0.21 ± 0.05, 0.30 ± 0.07, and 0.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg, respectively, for the open dump soil samples. Nonetheless, the mean open dump values for lead, cadmium, manganese, zinc, iron and calcium were 0.07 ± 0.04, 0.003 ± 0.001, 5.02 ± 1.92, 0.31 ± 0.02, 11.62 ± 9.48 and 0.12 ± 0.13 mg/kg, respectively. The results were compared statistically. Our results revealed that the discarding of wastes into the open dump is a potential source of soil contamination in the immediate vicinity and beyond, via dispersal. Increased levels of phthalate esters and metals in the soil pose a risk to public health, plants and animals. Sustained monitoring of these contaminants is recommended, in addition to upgrading the facility to a landfill.
TL;DR: Enhanced sensitivity of the orl rat to phthalate exposure as compared to its parent strain is demonstrated, a potentially important model of the effects of gene-environment interaction on development of male reproductive malformations.
TL;DR: Evaluated PE derivatives oxidized at the alkyl group and benzene ring of DEHP, MEHP, dibutyl phthalate and its monoester did not show clear activity for PPAR alpha, although MEHP is believed to interact with PPARalpha, which might imply indirect PPAR-mediated mechanisms that lead to observed biological effects such as peroxisome proliferation.
TL;DR: In this article, the nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in PVDF/dibutyl phthalate (DBP)/di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) blends via thermally induced phase separation were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry measurements.
Abstract: The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) in PVDF/dibutyl phthalate (DBP)/di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) blends via thermally induced phase separation were investigated through differential scanning calorimetry measurements. The Ozawa approach failed to describe the crystallization behavior of PVDF in PVDF/DBP/DEHP blends, whereas the modified Avrami equation successfully described the nonisothermal crystallization process of PVDF. Two stages of crystallization were observed in this analysis, including primary crystallization and secondary crystallization. The influence of the cooling rate and DBP ratio in the diluent mixture on the crystallization mechanism and crystal structure was determined by this method. The Mo approach well explained the kinetics of primary crystallization. An analysis of these two methods indicated that the increase in the DBP ratio in the diluent mixture caused a decrease in the crystallization rate at the primary crystallization stage. The activation energy was determined according to the Kissinger method and also decreased with the DBP ratio in the diluent mixture increasing. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, the photocatalytic degradation of dibutyl phthalate (DBP) in the presence of TiO 2 was studied and experiments were carried out in suspensions and with immobilized layers, prepared from powder suspensions and by sol-gel technique.
Abstract: The degradation processes of dibutyl phthalate (DBP), an important pollutant, are rather slow and do not lead to the complete decomposition. In the present work the photocatalytic degradation of dibutyl phthalate in the presence of TiO 2 was studied. Experiments were carried out in suspensions and with immobilized layers, prepared from powder suspensions and by sol-gel technique. Two different polychromatic light sources (band maxima at 350 nm and 365 nm) were used for irradiation. The results confirmed that the photocatalytic degradation of DBP using TiO 2 is an efficient degradation process and proceeds even at very low concentration of photocatalyst (0.001 g dm -3 ). Reaction rates were significantly higher in the case of the lamp with the maximum at 365 nm, which is due to the higher light intensity of this lamp. At comparable Ti0 2 amount P25 layers exhibit about 50% of photoactivity using TiO 2 suspension.
TL;DR: This result revealed that the affinity of DEHP in sludge matrix exceeded DBP and was not susceptible by weak HS, and the hydrophobic property controlled the association of phthalic acid esters on sludge residual phases.
Patent•
11 Nov 2008
TL;DR: In this paper, a PVC composition for glass encapsulation injection molding of vehicle is provided to prevent the failure of non-molding and to ensure a melt flow index, which includes 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride having a DP(Degree of Polymerization, JIS K6721-77) of 400-700 (or, 52-60 of the K-value 52, DIN 53726).
Abstract: A PVC composition for glass encapsulation injection molding of vehicle is provided to prevent the failure of non-molding and to ensure a melt flow index. A PVC composition for glass encapsulation injection molding of vehicle comprises 100 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride having a DP(Degree of Polymerization, JIS K6721-77) of 400-700 (or, 52-60 of the K-value 52, DIN 53726); 30-60 parts by weight of plasticizer containing at least one of dioctylphthalate(DOP), diisodecyl phthalate(DIDP), diisononylphthalate(DINP), diethylhexyl phthalate(DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate(DNOP), dibutyl phthalate(DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate(BBP) at least and the non-phthalate plasticizer made of one among the alkyl sulfonic acid (mesamoll) of the cresol and di -2- hexyl adipate(DOA), tree ethylhexyltrimelliatate(TOTM), acetyl tributyl citrate(ATBC), phenol, the diisononyladipate(DINA), and the mono glycerine; 20-50 parts by weight consisting of at least one of calcium carbonate, talcum, and muscovitum; 3-8 parts by weight of thermal stabilizer consisting of at least one of epoxy-based thermal stabilizer, Ba-Zn-based thermal stabilizer, Ca-Zn-based thermal stabilizer, hydrotalcite-based thermal stabilizer and zeolite-based thermal stabilizer; 1-10 parts by weight of impact modifier containinig a methylmethacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymer; 0.1-2 parts by weight of processing aid; 0.1-2 parts by weight of lubricant; 0.1-3 parts by weight of UV stabilizer; and 0.1-1 parts by weight of antioxidant. In the shore-A hardness is 80-95, 175 deg.C, and 5.0kg load, the melt index (M/I) is 50-100g/min.
TL;DR: DBP functions as a plasticizer in consumer products such as cosmetic nail products, resulting in its becoming unavailable for subungual penetration seconds after application of the cosmetic nail product since it is then trapped in the rapidly forming coating.
Abstract: Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has a wide variety of manufacturing applications and is used in both commercial and consumer products. Results of animal reproductive toxicity and teratogenicity animal studies have not been consistent in identifying DBP as a reproductive toxicant. Expert reviews for its use in consumer products have consistently concluded that it is not a reproductive risk to consumers. Results from a subungual penetration study of 100% fluid DBP applied to human fingernails showed levels of penetration at the limits of chemical detection. Even if DBP penetrated the human fingernail, its rapid metabolism by the human body would prevent its having any toxic reproductive effects. Furthermore, DBP functions as a plasticizer in consumer products such as cosmetic nail products (nail polish, basecoats, topcoats, nail hardeners), resulting in its becoming unavailable for subungual penetration seconds after application of the cosmetic nail product since it is then trapped in the rapidly forming coating.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results showed that the working curves for 8 phthalate esters and parabens were linear in the range of 0.032 - 80 mg/L by GC-MS on selective ion storage mode.
Patent•
27 Feb 2008
TL;DR: In this article, a one-way fluorine releasing strip for preventing dental caries is provided to suppress washing fluorine away in the strip and prevent dental Caries of infants.
Abstract: A one-way fluoride releasing strip for preventing dental caries is provided to suppress washing fluorine away in the strip and prevent dental caries of infants. A fluoride releasing strip for preventing dental caries comprises a support layer and fluorine-containing layer on the support layer. The support layer contains hydrophobic polymer and additionally comprises 20-40 weight part of plasticizer based on the 100 weight part of hydrophobic polymer. The plasticizer is DBP(dibutyl phthalate) or DOP(dioctyl phthalate). The fluorine-containing layer contains drug carrier which is able to seal and release fluorine. The plasticizer is propyleneglycol, glycerin, polyethyleneglycol, caster oil or hydrogenated caster oil.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The DBP contamination presents the positive results under the certain dosage to the mouse marrow micronucleus experiment and the spermatozoon abnormal experiment.
Abstract: Objective To explore effects of dibutyl Phthalate on the microkemel and sperm cell abnomalities in mice.Methods 40 Kunming strain mice were divided into 5 groups,which were control group,masculinecomparison group,low dosage group(500mg/kg),medium dosage group(1000mg/kg) and high dosage group(2000mg/kg).The microkemel and sperm cell abnomalities were analyzed.Results The micronuclear rate in medium dosage group and high dosage group were significantly higher than that of control group(P0.01).The ratio of sperm malformation in middle group and high group were higher than those of controls(P0.01).The ratio of sperm malformation increased in dose-dependent manner with dose,a dose-response relationship was found.Conclusion The DBP contamination presents the positive results under the certain dosage to the mouse marrow micronucleus experiment and the spermatozoon abnormal experiment.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: All the compounds obtained from Ulva lactuca L. for the first time were obtained and identified as 3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione, 3-isopropyl-6-methyl piperazine, andphenylalanine.
Abstract: Aim To study the chemical constituents of Ulva lactuca L.Methods The compounds were isola- ted by the chromatography methods and identified by spectral analysis.Results Eight compounds were obtained and identified as 3,6-dimethylpiperazine-2,5-dione(1),pyrrolopiperazine-2,5-dione(2),3-isopropyl-6-methylpiperazine-2,5-dione(3),dibutyl phthalate(4),phthalic acid bis-(2-ethylhexyl)ester(5),glycerol monopalmitate(6),phenylalanine(7),leucine(8).Conclusion All the compounds were obtained from Ulva lactuca L.for the first time.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: DBP at low dose can promote the proliferation and lactate secretion in sertoli cells, but BaP can only enhance the lactate gland secretion.
Abstract: Objective To investigate the combined effect of dibutyl phthalate(DBP)and benzo(a)pyrene(BaP)on the proliferation and lactate secretion in rat sertoli cells.Methods Rat testicular sertoli cells were isolated,purified,cultured,and identified with oil red O.The purity of rat sertoli cells was 90%.Then the purified sertoli cells were treated with the toxicants at different dose,i.e.DBP(0.1,1,10,100,500 μg/ml),BaP(0.01,0.1,1,10,50 μg/ml)and their combination DBP+BaP(0.1+0.01,1+0.1,10+1,100+10,500+50 μg/ml).The viability of sertoli cells was determined by MTT method and the lactate concentration in the cultured medium was detected.Results As compared with DMSO control,the absorbance values in 100 μg/ml DBP and DBP+BaP(100+10 μg/ml)groups were significantly increased(P0.01),but that in 500 μg/ml DBP group was decreased(P0.01)and those of BaP groups were of no statistical difference(P0.05).Lactate concentration in 100,500 μg/ml DBP groups,50 μg/ml BaP group and DBP+BaP(100+10,500+50 μg/ml)groups were increased(P0.05).Conclusion DBP at low dose can promote the proliferation and lactate secretion in sertoli cells,but BaP can only enhance the lactate secretion.The combination of DBP and BaP,if both at low doses,promotes the proliferation of sertoli cells;if both at high doses,inhibits the proliferation of sertoli cells with high dose.The combined effect of DBP and DaP is synergistic.
01 Jan 2008
TL;DR: The results showed that different concentration dibutyl phthalate inhibited lettuce seed germination and seedling growth as mentioned in this paper, and its inhibitive effect increased with the rise of concentration.
Abstract: Allelopathy of dibutyl phthalate and its mechanism were studied.The results showed that different concentration dibutyl phthalate inhibited lettuce seed germination and seedling growth.Its inhibitive effect increased with the rise of concentration.Lettuce seed germination was inhibited completely when the concentration was 1.5×10-2 mol/L.The activities of SOD,POD,CAT and Ca2+-ATPase of lettuce were affected by dibuty phthalate of different concentrations.With dibutyl phthalate concentration rising,the activities of SOD,CAT and Ca2+-ATPase rose firstly,then dropped,while POD activity fell firstly,then went up.The content of MDA increased,and the cell membrane was damaged.