Showing papers on "Dilemma published in 1990"

Managers' Moral Reasoning: Assessing Their Responses to Three Moral Dilemmas

Abstract: Based on Kolhberg's theory of moral development, an assessment of managers' responses to three moral dilemmas was explored. The findings indicate that managers typically reason at moral reasoning stages 3 or 4, similar to most adults in Western, urban societies or other business managers. However, differences were discovered when the organizational size of the managers' employer and type of moral issue were considered. Managers employed by large to medium-sized organizations tended to reason at lower moral reasoning stages than managers who work in small firms or were self-employed. Moral reasoning exhibited when the dilemmas were placed in a business context was significantly lower than for a dilemma in a non-business context. Implications from these findings are discussed.

The Nature of Common-Pool Resource Problems

Abstract: This article presents a conceptual framework for theoretical and empirical analysis of the multiplicity of behavioral problems encountered in common-pool resources (CPRs). This framework is used to specify more clearly the strategic content of CPR dilemmas and to show their interaction. The framework shows how general theoretical constructs (e.g., Prisoner's Dilemma and coordination games) apply to these behavioral dilemmas. Finally, results from a case study and a set of laboratory experiments demonstrate the applicability of this framework in designing and conducting empirical research on CPRs.

Learning Theory and the Logic of Critical Mass

Abstract: The Oliver-Marwell theory of "critical mass" is a prominent solution to the 'free-rider" problem that plagues collective action in large groups. I reformulate the theory as a stochastic learning model in which cooperative responses are shaped by the social sanctions and cues generated by the responses of others. This relaxes four assumptions in the original formulation: that the actors are rational, decisions are isolated events, outcomes are deterministic, and public goods have pure jointness of supply and "collective profit. " Computer simulations then show how adaptive actors become trapped in a suboptimal equilibrium and how they escape through attainment of critical mass. "Start-up" problems arise from accommodation to social costs and not from low returns to early contributors as previously believed. Simulations also identify a new dilemma of group size and show why solidarity tends to emerge in response to crisis. Finally, normative solidarity appears to be a consequence rather than cause of critical mass but may promote recovery from random deviance.

An Empirical Investigation of a General Theory of Marketing Ethics

Abstract: Using a scenario technique, the study tests a core portion of Hunt and Vitell’s (1986) general theory of marketing ethics in the context of a marketing research ethical dilemma. The results provide substantial support for the relationships proposed in this part of the model. Two additional hypotheses are confirmed. First, ethical judgments to resolve the dilemma are found to be jointly determined by deontological and teleological evaluations. Second, the relationship between ethical judgment and intention to adopt an ethical alternative is attenuated when its implementation does not result in a preferred consequence. Research limitations and recommendations are offered.

Same Difference: Feminism and Sexual Difference

Abstract: Part 1 The historical dilemma: prologue the 19th century - equal but different the split (part I) - "egalitarian" versus "reform" feminism the split (part II) - "ultra" versus "new" feminism the 1960s resurgence - from equal rights to post-feminism denouement. Part 2 Current controveries: prologue "equal" versus "special" treatment protective legislation nad industrial health hazards sex discrimination and affirmative action divorce, custody and baby "M" the sexuality debate the construction of "Woman".

The dilemma of implementing controls: The case of managerial accounting☆

Abstract: Managerial accounting contains a technical theory of control. Whenever this technical theory of control is correctly implemented to deal with issues that are embarrassing or threatening, the players activate their personal-human theory of control in order to remain ‘in control’. The correct implementation of the personal-human theory of control necessary inhibits the effective implementation of the technical theory and vice versa.

Street-Wise Social Policy: Resolving the Dilemma of Street-Level Influence and Successful Implementation:

Abstract: Street-level influence over the delivery of social policy is paradoxical; it promotes flexibility and innovation, yet allows indifference and abuse. Even in highly bureaucratized human service organizations, policy implementation requires policy adaptation (Mashaw 1983). Streetlevel workers who are close to problems and clients are likely to know what works in local environments and for particular groups (Handler 1986). Street-level workers are an important a source of innovation, yet most have little formal authority to make programmatic decisions. Their good ideas are often ignored by those higher up. Street-level adaptations of policy are not always positive, however. Many street-level workers use their influence over policy implementation to serve their own interests; they change policy to make their work easier and safer or to thwart policy with which they do not agree rather than to serve the needs of clients or the public (Hogwood and Gunn 1984; Levine, Musheno, and Palumbo 1980). Street-level influence over policy implementation is, therefore, both a prerequisite for justice in the delivery of human services and a source of considerable abuse. Street-level influence

The Limits of Government: An Essay on the Public Goods Argument

Abstract: Justifying the state property rights the right to punish the prisoner's dilemma from prisoner's dilemma to public goods experimental philosophy the morality of a co-operative society.

Cuba and the United States: Ties of Singular Intimacy

Abstract: The close ties between Cuba and the United States are explored from political, economic and cultural perspectives. The author explains the dilemma that this proximity has entailed for both sides from the 18th century until the present day.

The Evolution of Collective Strategies in Fragmented Industries

Abstract: This article revises and expands the theory of collective strategy to include firms in fragmented industries. Collective strategy in fragmented industries may be less visible, but it is no less extensive than in concentrated industries because repetitive patterns of pairwise interorganizational activity can aggregate into emergent collective strategy. This implies that collective activity is a ubiquitous strategy, permeating all types of organizations in fragmented industries. The article offers a process model and a mechanism for aggregating pairwise activity into collective activity based on an extension of the prisoner’s dilemma game. A curvilinear relationship between environmental factors and cooperative behavior is proposed. Propositions suggest that the effects of cooperation on performance shift from the firm level to the population level as colonization is completed.

Charting the Corporate Mind: From Dilemma to Strategy

Abstract: Introduction - "The International Learning Race" 1. How Value is Created: Two Forms of Choice 2. Standing at the Helm 3. Charting Dilemmas and Steering Strategically 4. Odysseus in Silicon Valley 5. Lean and Local: The Integrity of Hanover Insurance 6. Seven Steps to Reconciling Dilemmas Strategically 7. Efficiency and Effectiveness: The Limits of Calvanist Conscience 8. Strategically Outclassed: Culture and Strategy in the Pacific Rim 9. The Shotgun Wedding: Industry and Academia 10. The Hunt for the Unicorn: A Critique of Pure Profit.

"Our Tradition Is a Very Modern Tradition": Popular Music and the Construction of Pan-Yoruba Identity

Abstract: n Anthropology as Cultural Critique George Marcus and Michael Fischer pose a dilemma for those human sciences which rely upon ethnography as a mode of inquiry and representation, that is: "how to represent the embedding of richly described local cultural worlds in larger impersonal systems of political economy." This dilemma suggests a repositioning of ethnomusicological cliches about the "continuity of change" within an analytical framework concerned with global networks, the creation of nation-states and peoples, and the invention of tradition. "What makes representation challenging," they continue, "is the perception that the 'outside forces' in fact are an integral part of the construction and constitution of the 'inside,' the cultural unit itself, and must so be registered, even at the most intimate levels of cultural process" (1986:77). In this article I deal with the role of contemporary popular music in the production of cultural identity among the Yoruba of southwestern Nigeria. My argument rests upon the axiom that all human identities, no matter how deeply felt, are from an historical point-of-view mixed, relational, and conjunctural (Clifford 1988:10-11). Ethnomusicologists concerned to demonstrate the depth and authenticity of the traditions they study have

The Limits of Multilateral Promising

Abstract: The proposition that people will keep their promises when it benefits them personally to do so is an empirical assertion of only modest ethical interest. We expect that people will do what is in their private interest, and if keeping promises is in their private interest, we can expect them to do so, ethics aside. Greater ethical interest attaches to people keeping their promises when it is personally costly for them to do so. While ethical jules and self-interest can lead in the same direction,' the acid test of ethical rules is when they require action that is counter to the individual's self-interest. If people keep their promises when it pays them to do so, ethical motivations are not ruled out; they might have chosen to keep their promises because of such motivations, self-interest notwithstanding. But if they keep their promises when self-interest supports welshing, then ethical motivations are certainly a plausible explanation of their behavior. The one-shot, two person prisoner's dilemma nicely models standard formulations of the circumstances that have classicallyjustified promising as an institution, and laboratory prisoner's dilemma games can let us study promise keeping when self-interested reasons for such behavior are absent.2 Data about behavior in laboratory dilemmas can, thus, be a

Believing that everyone else is less ethical: Implications for work behavior and ethics instruction

Abstract: Studies consistently report that individuals believe they are far more ethical than co-workers, superiors, or managers in other firms. The present study confirms this finding when comparing undergraduate students' own ethical standards to their perceptions of the standards held by most managers or supervisors. By maintaining a “holier than thou” ethical perception, new and future managers might rationalize their unethical behavior as being necessary for success in an unethical world. A prisoner's dilemma type problem can be said to exist when choosing an unethical behavior becomes each player's dominant strategy and the interaction of dominant behaviors is Pareto inferior. Dispelling the “holier than thou” perception may encourage students to revise their personal behavior payoffs such that the collective benefits that emanate from ethical conduct are favored and the prisoner's dilemma problem is converted into a coordination problem.

Child Maltreatment: Can It Be Defined?

Abstract: This article analyzes the definitional dilemma surrounding child maltreatment. Four interrelated purposes for definition are discussed: social policy, legal regulations, research, and case management. Following examination of the relationship between theoretical perspectives and attempts to define child maltreatment, major issues including who shall define, determining factors in definition, breadth of definition, and developmental level of the child are delineated. A narrowing of the definition is recommended to develop greater compatibility between the definition of the problem and the service system solution.

State Education Service or Prisoner's Dilemma: The ‘Hidden Hand’ as Source of Education Policy1

Abstract: (1990). State Education Service or Prisoner's Dilemma: The ‘Hidden Hand’ as Source of Education Policy1. Educational Philosophy and Theory: Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 16-24.

Rhetoric and Relevance

Abstract: © Deirdre Wilson and Dan Sperber 2012. A paradox and a dilemma The student of rhetoric is faced with a paradox and a dilemma. We will suggest a solution to the dilemma, but this will only make the paradox more blatant. Let us start with the paradox. Rhetoric took pride of place in formal education for two and a half millennia. Its very rich and complex history is worth detailed study, but it can be summarised in a few sentences. Essentially the same substance was passed on by eighty generations of teachers to eighty generations of pupils. If there was a general tendency, it consisted merely in a narrowing of the subject matter of rhetoric: one of its five branches, elocutio, the study of figures of speech, gradually displaced the others, and in some schools, became identified with rhetoric tout court. (We will also be guilty of this and several other simplifications.) The narrowing was not even offset by a corresponding increase in theoretical depth. Pierre Fontanier’s Les Figures du Discours is not a radical improvement on Quintilian’s Institutio Oratoria, despite the work of sixty generations of scholars in between.

The layered prisoners' dilemma: Ingroup versus macro-efficiency

Abstract: In the N-prisoners' dilemma (NPD), cooperation produces ingroup efficiency. But if ingroup gains from cooperation are less than outgroup losses, then macro-efficiency for the collectivity (defined as ingroup plus outgroup) is harmed. We call this situation a layered prisoners' dilemma (LPD). The LPD models diverse real world situations — from OPEC's effect on consumers to interest groups' effect on citizens.

Care and justice moral orientation : a scale for its assessment

Abstract: A quantitative measure of adult moral orientation, based on the theoretical frameworks of Kohlberg and Gilligan, was developed to measure preference for "justice" or "care"-oriented moral thinking The Moral Orientation Scale Using Childhood Dilemmas (MOS), a short, objective measure, presents adults with a series of dilemmas frequently faced by children, each followed by two care-oriented and two justice-oriented responses to the dilemma The procedures for developing and scoring the measure are discussed, and validity and reliability data are presented Used with both male and female social work and law students, as expected, the MOS shows males to be more justice-oriented in their moral reasoning than females who are shown to be more care-oriented Moreover, in further agreement with Gilligan's theory that gender and experience, taken together, are related to moral reasoning style, male lawyers and female social workers are shown to have the strongest preferences

Communication Dilemmas in Social Networks: An Experimental Study

Abstract: Social dilemmas are "mixed motive" situations in which individual rationality and collective rationality conflict. If each individual makes an optimal choice, all are worse off. One type of social dilemma, a "communication dilemma," exists when it is in the collective interest of network members to communicate, but in each separate individual's interests to hoard information. Results from two laboratory experiments support the hypotheses that such conflicts are affected by the structure of the network. Moderately central individuals in decentralized networks are the most vulnerable.

Food Security and Structural Adjustment: Empirical Evidence on the Food Price Dilemma in Southern Africa

Abstract: This article considers effects of price on food security and the food equation in the developing areas of South Africa. Firstly, the food (or hunger) equation is examined in more detail. Secondly, thefood price dilemma is analysed using empirical data obtained elsewhere in sub‐Saharan Africa. Thirdly, the situation in the developing areas of South Africa is examined. Empirical evidence in sub‐Saharan and Southern Africa accentuates the skewness and concentration in the market participation profile of rural households with respect to especially staples. Supply response to higher prices in these areas is also limited. These findings place the food price dilemma on centre stage in Southern Africa.

Computers in Third World schools: the example of China

Abstract: The introduction to this article discusses a dilemma facing many Third World countries: should they place computers in their schools and, if so, for what purposes? The author outlines four common rationales—the Social, Vocational, Pedagogical and Catalytic—and refers to two less common ones—the Information Technology Industry and Cost-effectiveness Rationales. The main text describes policy in China at national level, and analyses policy and practice in Beijing City and Zhejiang Province. The paper is based on an international co-operative study of computers in African, Asian and Arabic- speaking schools, funded by the Harold Macmillan Trust.

Logic Without Truth

Abstract: . Between the two horns of Jorgensen's dilemma, the authors opt for that according to which logic deals not only with truth and falsity but also with those concepts not possessing this semantic reference. Notwithstanding the “descriptive” prejudice, deontic logic has gained validity among modal logics. The technical foundation proposed consists in an abstract characterization of logical consequence. By identifying in the abstract notion of consequence the primitive from which to begin, it is possible to define the connectives - even those of obligation - by means of the rules of introduction or elimination in a context of derivation.

Maize Storage among the Puuc Maya: The Development of an Archaeological Method

Abstract: Mesoamerican archaeologists have long realized that agricultural food storage helped support large prehispanic centers, especially in places where food production was seasonally constrained by culture and environment. Yet, past storage has rarely been identified or interpreted accurately at Mesoamerican sites – a dilemma that challenges archaeologists to improve research methods. To meet this challenge, recent ethnoarchaeological research into household maize storage behavior among traditional Puuc Maya farmers has revealed that storage is closely interrelated with daily food processing activities. This information has fostered the development of a storage model (based on houselot spatial organization, activity scheduling, and refuse disposal), providing a framework to interpret the material remains of storage-related behavior affected by diverse maize storage techniques. Excavations within modern Puuc houselots have begun to document feature, refuse, chemical, and botanical patterns that indicate storage places. Together, these storage patterns and their spatial associations in Puuc houselots contribute significant information towards building an archaeological storage method.

The drug dilemma: manipulating the demand.

Abstract: Drug abuse in the United States has posed a dilemma during most of this century. Intemperate use of reinforcing drugs is hazardous to health and safety, but strict prohibition fosters an illicit market with criminal effects that may be equally harmful. The crux of the problem is the willingness of millions of people to risk toxicity and arrest to gain psychopharmacological rewards. Cocaine is the present source of most concern. Recommendations for reducing demand and abuse are given, including the implementation of preventive techniques, the investigation of various treatments, the use of modern chemical and electronic technology, and the development of new pharmacological alternatives.

Resolving the Remedial Dilemma: Strategies of Judicial Intervention in Prisons

Abstract: I. THE DYNAMICS OF ORGANIZATIONAL STASIS IN THE PRISON 811 A. Absence of an Internal Normative Framework Supporting Reform ............................................ 815 1. Guardians of Order and Autonomy: Guards, \"Traditionalist\" Administrators, and Politicians. 816 2. Paralyzed Proponents of Change: Inmates, Treatment Staff, and Progressive Administrators 824 B. Incentive System Reinforcing the Status Quo ............. 827 C. Inadequate Information Exchange and Expertise ......... 835 D. Insufficient Power to Institutionalize Reform ............. 837 II. JUDICIAL INTERVENTION AND ORGANIZATIONAL STASIS .... 846 A. Courts' Institutional Potential to Unlock Organizational Stasis ............................................. 846 B. A Typology ofJudicial Approaches to the Remedial Process 848 1. The Deferrer .................................. 849 2. The Director .................................. 851 3. The Broker ................................... 854 4. The Catalyst .................................. 856 C. Combining Judicial Approaches ........................ 860 III. THE IMPACT OF THE STRATEGIES OF JUDICIAL