Showing papers on "Distilled water published in 1978"

Some Factors Affecting on Dry Weight, Organic Weight and Concentrations of Carbon and Nitrogen in Freshly Prepared and in Preserved Zooplankton

Abstract: Effects of rinsing and preservation on dry weight, organic weight, and chemical composition were determined on the chaetognath Sagitta nagae and the copepods Calanus sinicus, Pleuromamma xiphias and Acartia tonsa. Samples rinsed with distilled water were always lighter than comparable samples rinsed with seawater, showing apparent decrease in the organic matter and chemical contents (as total carbon and nitrogen) by weight; these losses increased with increasing volume of the rinse water. The volume of distilled water used for rinsing should be less than 0.3 ml per 1 mg dry weight of sample in order to avoid the significant loss of body substances. Isotonic ammonium formate rinse often resulted in the widest range of variation and on an average the organic weight and chemical contents were slightly lower than those of fresh samples rinsed with filtered seawater. Freeze-drying samples resulted in dry and organic weights as well as chemical compositions that were somewhat greater than oven-dried samples. The organic matter and chemical contents by weight decreased significantly within 2.5 days of being placed in Borax-buffered formaldehyde-sea water solution. Loss of organic weight from fresh samples exceeded 20% after one week of the preservation. Hexamine-buffered formaldehyde solution showed a result which was different from the Borax-buffered solution.

Water potential, water content, and net assimilation of some boreal forest mosses

Abstract: Relationships between water content and water potential for Hylocomium splendens (Hedw.) B.S.G., Pleurozium schreberi (Brid.) Mitt., Ptilium crista-castrensis (Hedw.) De Not., and Tomenthypnnm nitens (Hedw.) Loeske, the last occurring in a distinctly different habitat from the first three, showed no hysteresis effect between wetting and drying curves and no appreciable differences among the species.Water contents near equilibrium over distilled water (water potential near zero) were 10–20% of saturation water contents, which suggested that after saturation by rainfall, considerable water loss can take place before water stress is experienced.The capacity for net assimilation decreased with depth in the moss canopy in all species, and the species showed similar decreases in net assimilation rates with decreasing water contents, from maximum rates at 3 to 6 g H2O g−1 dry weight to near or below zero rates around 0.4 g H2O g−1 dry weight.

Ultrafiltration Characteristics of Oil-Detergent Water Systems: Membrane Fouling Mechanisms.

Abstract: The ultrafiltration characteristics of oil (bilge oil and synthetic based lubricating oil)-nonionic detergent-water (river water and distilled water) systems are evaluated with noncellulosic, tubular membranes. The water flux behavior (membrane fouling) is dictated by the membrane resistance increase due to detergent-membrane interaction and due to surface fouling in the presence of oil-detergent emulsions and suspended solids. Membrane fouling and cleaning requirements depend on the type of oily water systems. Flux drop can be minimized by operating at temperatures above 35°C and/or with short-term membrane depressurization. In all cases the steady-state water flux is a function of the initial membrane water flux. Depending on the oil water systems, water fluxes of 8 to 52 ± 10−4 cm/sec are obtained. Excellent oil rejections are observed in all cases: even with oil-detergent systems, an ultrafiltrate oil concentration of less than 10 mg/1 can be achieved.

The hydrolysis rate of chlorpyrifos,O-O-diethylO-(3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl) phosphorothioate, and its dimethyl analog, chlorpyrifos-methyl, in dilute aqueous solution

Abstract: The hydrolysis rate of chlorpyrifos (the active ingredient of DURSBAN® and LORSBAN® insecticides, registered trademarks of The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, Michigan) in water followed simple first-order kinetics over the concentration range, 3×10−9 to 3×10−7M. In buffered distilled water at 25°C and pH 8.1, 6.9, and 4.7, the half-life was 22.8, 35.3, and 62.7 days, respectively. Additional data were obtained for rates at 15° and 35°C. The activation energy for the reaction under these conditions was 21.2 kcal/mole. A 16-fold rate enhancement was demonstrated in canal and pond water at 25°C. Likewise, there was a catalytic effect on the hydrolysis rate in the presence of copper (II) ion.

Effect of long-term water exposure on properties of carbon and graphite fiber reinforced epoxies

Abstract: The effects of long term exposure to dry and humid environments on carbon-epoxy and graphite-epoxy composites have been studied. Filament wound Naval Ordnance Laboratory rings were fabricated in 1965 and were placed in dry, distilled water and sea water for 11 years. Moisture desorption tests were conducted in order to determine the water content of specimens exposed to the water environments, The effect of the history on moisture absorption characteristics was investigated by re-exposure of partially and completely dried specimens to two different environments: distilled water at 60°C and 98% relative humidity at 60°C. The weight gain was measured and diffusion coefficients were calculated. Horizontal shear tests and flexural tests were performed on “wet” specimens (current properties) and on partially and completely dried specimens (residual properties). The shear strength of the carbon-epoxy composites is degraded by the exposure while that of the graphite-epoxy composite is slightly increased. The composite flexural strengths are not degraded by the exposure. These results are discussed in terms of failure modes.

The effects of DL-5-hydroxytryptophan on ethanol consumption by rats.

Abstract: Rats were offered access to either distilled water or a 12% v/v solution of ethanol as their only fluid during a one hour period daily. After daily fluid consumption has achieved a stable baseline, either distilled water or DL-5-hydroxytryptophan (5HTP) in doses of 50, 100 or 200 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally one hour prior to the drinking session. While each of the three doses of 5HTP caused a significant reduction in ethanol intake, distilled water had no effect. Water consumption was unaffected by 5HTP or distilled water injections. Varying the pretreatment interval from 0.5, 1, 4 to 8 hours for the 100 mg/kg 5HTP dose resulted in a significant decrease in ethanol consumption at 0.5 and 1 hour pretreatment intervals only. In approximately 25% of the rats tested, 5HTP resulted in a prolonged rejection of ethanol so severe that it resulted in death. Selected rats offered water during this ethanol rejection period readily drank it and survived.

A study of Newcastle disease vaccine virus in sprays and aerosols.

Abstract: Summary The administration of two commercial Newcastle disease (ND) vaccines to chickens by aerosol was studied. The size distribution of non‐evaporating droplets, produced by different aerosol generators, was measured. Using one of the generators — the Atomist — the size distribution of particles evaporating to equilibrium was determined. The sedimentation of the dry particles was judged by repeating the measurement after 10 and 30 min. This was done with distilled water, tap water, saline, and 1% and 2% solutions of Casitone, with and without vaccine. The stability of the vaccine virus at 20°C in an aerosol of distilled water was minimal at high relative humidities. Measurement of viral stability in aerosols of different diluents produced with the Atomist in small pens showed an initial loss of infectivity of between 1 and 3 log10 median embryo infectious doses (EID50). Further loss of infectivity was between 0.2 and 3.4 log10 EID50/ hour. Distilled water was the optimal diluent for these commercial ND ...

Alteration of mica surfaces by water and solutions

Abstract: Samples of muscovite and phlogopite of particle sizes varying from less than 5/tm to 500am were allowed to stand in distilled water and in several NaNO3 solutions. The modifications of their surface were determined by thermovolumetric measurements of the extra-water associated with the altered rim. Phlogopite undergoes congruent dissolution due to protonic action at low pH and vermi- culitization by sodium under other conditions. Muscovite ground and aged in water suffers potassium hydrolysis and silica dissolution both of which contribute to the accumulation of aluminium on the surface. The altered rim, which develops on basal surfaces as well as on the edges, has an extra-water content of about 1.2 H20 molecules per accumulated A1 atom; the surface can be cleaned by a treatment at low pH.

Determination of some inorganic cations adsorbed on porous silica glass in a distilled water medium

Abstract: Porous glass (1 g, 97 m 2 ) composed of 96% silica adsorbed 3.2–3.7 μmol of cations, such as Na, K, Sr, Ca and Mg ions, in a distilled water medium. Cations adsorbed were exchanged with other ions by equilibrium reaction and adsorption of bivalent cations on the glass was stronger than those of monovalent cations. The minimum detection limit to be able to estimate the value of cations is nM when usual glassware is used for determination of cations.

On the specificity of alcoholic acidic silver nitrate reagent for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid. A reappraisal.

Abstract: The specificity of the alcoholic acidic silver nitrate staining method for the histochemical localization of ascorbic acid was reappraised. It was found that the method is by and large better suited for the localization of ascorbic acid in both animal and plant tissues due to its greater specificity, which is ensured by employing reagent made in carbon dioxide saturated glass distilled water as well as by carrying out the reaction at a low temperature (0-4 degrees C) and at a pH of 2-2.5.

Water response of the frog olfactory epithelium as observed from the olfactory bulb.

Abstract: The water response elicited by application of distilled water on the olfactory epithelium was recorded extracellularly from single olfactory bulb neurones. Characteristics of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium were examined in comparison with those of the water response in the gustatory and palatal organs. 1. Effects of various electrolyte solutions on the generation of the water response were studied by dripping distilled water on the olfactory epithelium after adaptation to each of these electrolyte solutions. Number of the olfactory bulb cells responding to distilled water increased with increasing the charge of the adapting cations and also with decreasing the size of the cations with a few exceptions. 2. Magnitude of the 'water response' increased with decreasing concentration of salt in the solution which was dripped after adaptation to the isotonic solution of the same salt. 3. The water response was effectively depressed by an electrolyte solution but not by a non-electrolyte solution. An electrolyte also depressed effectively the water response which was produced after adaptation to an organic salt solution. 4. The water response was blocked by treatment of the olfactory epithelium with the uranyl ions which had high affinity for phospholipids. A tentative hypothesis on the generating mechanism of the water response in the frog olfactory epithelium is presented on the basis of the present experimental results and the water responses of the gustatory and palatal organs so far reported.

Distilled water apparatus

Abstract: A distilled water apparatus which comprises in nested vapor-sealed arrangement, a bottom raw water tank, a storage tank and a cooling and condensing tank. The storage tank has an outer annular storage compartment surrounding a vertical vapor passage and can be equipped with a basket for holding coffee or the like so that the device acts as a self-contained distilled water coffee maker.

Oxidation of Hydrazine in Aqueous Solutions

Abstract: : The expanded use of hydrazine type fuels throughout the Air Force makes it imperative that current and accurate data be available on the potential environmental impact of these compounds. This report describes the chemistry of hydrazine in aqueous solutions under varying conditions of temperature, pH, ionic strength, salinity, hydrazine concentration, oxygen concentration, and in the presence of catalysts, and solid substrates. Results indicate that in the absence of Copper 2 as a catalyst, the degradation of hydrazine is slow. In five days a 1 x ten to the minus 4th power molar solution of hydrazine degraded less than 2% in distilled water, 40% in pond water and 20% in seawater. The addition of oxide and clay solids did not change the rate of degradation. Increasing the concentration of Copper 2 caused a major increase in the oxidation rate as did increasing temperature. Salinity and ionic strength changes caused minor variations in rate. The maximum degradation rate occurs between pH8 and 9. Oxygen concentrations in the range 0.5 to 40 mg/l had no measurable effect. (Author)

Preservation of organophosphorous pesticides in water samples

Abstract: Four techniques were studied for capacity to preserve sixteen organophosphorous pesticides in distilled water and in creek water. A technique using chloroform effectively preserved all sixteen pesticides for the three weeks of the study and refrigeration was effective for fourteen of the pesticides, but buffers of pH A and pH 7 appeared undependable as preservatives.

Antitumor activity of N-trifuloroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate.

Abstract: The antitumor activity and toxicity of N-trifluoroacetyladriamycin-14-valerate (AD 32) dissolved in 10% Tween 80 in distilled water were compared to those of adriamycin dissolved in distilled water in 10% Tween 80 in distilled water, in mice bearing L1210 leukemia, P388 leukemia, Gross leukemia, and solid Sarcoma 180. Treatments were performed ip or iv according to different schedules. The antitumor-activity of AD 32 was not superior to that of adriamycin. The antitumor activity of adriamycin dissolved in aqueous solution of Tween 80 was higher than that of adriamycin dissolved in distilled water after after iv treatment.

Recovery system for domestic waste water heat - has several evaporators and common condenser with low pressure distilled water

Abstract: The heat transfer system is used for heating water supply and heating systems in a building. The heat carrier circulates in a closed cycle between evaporation and condensing zone. The condensed carrier is returned as liquid to the evaporator. This system utilises waste heat in waste water in residential blocks with economy. The hot waste water flows through the evaporator and heat is transferred there to evaporate the heat carrying medium. Several such evaporator zones can be used and all are connected to a common condenser (6). The heat carrier is distilled water at a pressure of at least one hundred millibars. Alternatively, the distilled water is used at a pressure = thirty millibars.

8-Hydroxy-quinoline salts labelled with radioactive isotope - for diagnosis of disorders of the cardiovascular system

Abstract: Water soluble salts of oxine (8-hydroxy quinoline), or its halogenated or sulphonated derivs. are labelled with a radioactive isotope as follows: the salt is dissolved in distilled water, adjusted to pH 7-8, and mixed with an aqs. soln. contg. the radioactive isotope. Used for determining blood hematic volume, sites of thrombo-embolism, detection of abscesses, etc. The labelled products are easier to prepare than other labelled products for such diagnoses. Pref. radioactive sources are '''In and 113mIn. In an example, erythrocytes from 5 ml blood were suspended in 2 ml physiological serum, and mixed with oxine sulphate labelled with 113mIn (2mCi). This mixture was left for 10 mins., suspended in plasma medium, and injected into the patient's vascular system. The blood volume was calculated and found to give an identical result with that found using 99mTc and 51Cr.

ペルオキシダーゼ, 過酸化水素および4-アミノアンチピリンを用いる水中フェノール類の吸光光度定量法

Abstract: In order to establish a simple method for the determination of phenols in river water and industrial waste water, conditions were examined for the reaction used for the determination of hydrogen peroxide ; the reaction using 4-aminoantipyrine, phenol, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxidase, and the following method was established. The sample water (200ml) is distilled, 50 ml of its distillate is placed in a 50 ml test tube with a stopper, and 2 ml of 1 M phosphate buffer (pH 7.25) containing 5 mg of 4-aminoantipyrine and 0.5 mg of an enzyme (horseradish peroxidase), and 1 ml of 0.3% hydrogen peroxide solution are added, and the mixture is incubated at 37° for 15 min in a water bath. The reaction mixture is cooled to 5° and absorbance of this colored solution is read at 510 nm. Recovery of phenol added to distilled water by this method was 98.9-99.7% and its coefficient of variation was 0.61-0.84%. Coloration rate of phenols by this method was compared with the rate by the ferricyanide method, using 52 kinds of phenolic compounds, and the total of coloring rate by the present method was higher than that by the ferricyanide method. Correlation between the result of the present method and that of the ferricyanide method was examined with river water and industrial waste water collected in Wakayama city. Calculation of the linear regression line (y=1.119x+6.364) and correlation coefficient (r=0.943) indicated correlation between these methods.

Development of bacteria and their activity in an aqueous surface film under experimental conditions

Abstract: The formation and number of bacteria in the surface film of water depend on the content of organic substances in water. In flasks containing distilled water after 1-2 days, a bacterial film 5-7 mcm thick is formed at the surface; in flasks with water taken from reservoirs, the film is 5-15 mcm thick; in flasks with water containing organic substances, the film is 15-50 mcm thick. A distinct bacterial band of growth is formed on glasses semisubmerged in water in this layer. At the beginning, bacterial rodshaped cells are oriented by their side surface to the surface layer of water. Judging by the assimilation of protein labeled hydrolysate, the total activity of bacterial population in a film is much higher than in deep water layers. In the course of time, the number of bacteria changes, they begin to die off, and their species are substituted by other bacterial species. Numerous motile forms and various Caulobacterial forms are found in the surface layer of water. The dimensions of bacterial cells growing on glass are much larger than in dry preparations obtained from this film on membrane filters.

Myelin impregnation: an improved Golgi-Cox modification.

Abstract: Optic tecta of goldfish were coated with egg yolk and immersed for only one week in one of the following impregnation fluids: a) Solution A + B; A = 1 g K2Cr2O7 and 1 g HgCl2 boiled for 15 min in 85 ml distilled water and allowed to cool; B = 0.8 g K2Cr2O7 and 0.5 g KWO4 dissolved in 20 ml distilled water, b) Solution A + B two volumes diluted with boiled distilled water, c) Solution A + B four volumes diluted with boiled distilled water. Each tectum was immersed 6 hr in 100 ml distilled water containing 0.5 g LiOH and 15 g KNO3, washed 18 hr in 500 ml 0.2% acetic acid, dehydrated with ethanol, and embedded in low viscosity nitro cellulose. Sections were cut at 100 pm with a rotary microtome after clearing with cedarwood oil. Methods b) and c) have two advantages compared with method a), the original Golgi-Cox method. First, more cells are impregnated, especially in the layers extending 200-400 μm below the surface, and dendrites as well as unmyelinated axons are well impregnated. Second, myelin sheaths a...

Enamel solubility reduction by acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) treatment.

Abstract: The enamel solubility reducing (ESR) potential of acidulated phosphate-fluoride (APF) solutions containing varying amounts of F was studied. Commercial APF (1.23% F, pH 3.0) reduced solubility by about 80%. Fivefold dilutions of this APF were made with either phosphoric acid or water without significant effect on ESR potential. Further dilution to 0.12% F significantly decreased effectiveness. Commercially available APF products (1.23%) can be diluted several-fold with distilled water in the dental office without significant loss of ability to reduce the solubility of enamel.