Showing papers on "Efficient energy use published in 1983"

Heat exchange system

Abstract: This invention is an energy efficient heating and cooling system. It is particularly adapted for use in conjunction with building type structures. Both liquid and gaseous fluids can be circulated at the same time through the heat exchange means. These exchangers can be either separately attached units or can form an integral part of the building structure itself. The exchangers are mounted on both northern and southern exposures and can accomplish a combination of functions either separately or at the same time to meet varying energy demand situations.

Supplying Energy Through Greater Efficiency: The Potential for Conservation in California's Residential Sector

Abstract: Conserved energy is treated as a new energy source. Its potential is measured with supply curves that have been previously used only for economic assessments of tangible energy sources. Data on energy savings in individual homes and in the use of specific appliances are examined and then their conclusions are extrapolated to California residential sector. These estimates make it possible to compare the cost of energy conservation with the cost of searching for new conventional energy supplies or the cost of building new power plants. (MHR)

Power systems analysis and planning

Abstract: This book present papers that provide a review of current knowledge in the power systems analysis and planning field.

Commercial building energy performance analysis using multiple regression procedures

Abstract: Regression analysis is used to define algebraic expressions which can be used to study the effects of various configuration parameters on building energy performance. The DOE-2.1B energy analysis simulation program was used in conjunction with a prototypical building modules to generate a large data base for five geographic locations. Configuration variables parameterized included orientation, wall and roof conductance, glazing properties of windows and skylights (area, U-value, shading coefficient, visible transmittance, well depth) and installed lighting power. Incremental effects due to external shading (overhangs) and daylighting were also examined. The modular concept used in the building definition permits generalization to configurations other than that analyzed and therefore the results can be used in studying building design trade-offs.

The market needs help: The disappointing record of home energy conservation

Abstract: Energy conservation is widely considered to be the most promising solution to the nation's energy problems. The dominant public policy in this field has been to encourage conservation by decontrolling energy prices and relying on consumers to respond to price increases in ways that best meet their individual needs. This policy so far has led to only small reductions in energy use within the home, and even these reductions are only partly attributable to conservation behavior. Among the many obstacles to residential conservation that have come to light, a major one is the difficulty of predicting what savings will result from any specific investment in home energy efficiency. Ten years of experience after the 1973 oil crisis raises doubts about the feasibility of residential conservation as a short-term energy strategy, and suggests that new policies are needed to improve the operation of the market for conservation investment.

Hydrogen production by the electrolysis of water: the kinetic and thermodynamic framework

Abstract: The electrical energy efficiency of commercial water electrolyzers is normally limited by internal energy losses heat generated at economic current density levels exceeds the heat required to maintain the temperature of the electrolyte, and cooling must be used. The energy losses reflect the effects of ohmic resistance and of the electrode overvoltages. Development of activated electrode systems and of improved electrode geometries promises to reduce these losses to the point where efficiency will be limited instead by the requirement that sufficient heat be generated internally to maintain the electrolyte temperature. The limitation on electrical energy efficiency then becomes thermodynamic. This paper reviews the major thermodynamic and kinetic considerations which impact design of industrial water electrolyzers. Options indicated for development of advanced technology are considered. These are then related to the approaches being taken in major world-wide programs which are working to reduce the cost of hydrogen production from water and electricity.

Sweden beyond oil: the efficient use of energy.

Abstract: Technology now being introduced in industry, buildings, and transportation is much more energy-efficient than today's average technology. Changes in production and consumption are tending to decrease the intensity of energy use. By applying available economic technology, it may be possible to reduce energy use in Sweden from the present 1400 petajoules per year to about 900 petajoules per year soon after the turn of the century, even with a 50 percent increase in the consumption of goods and services. Technology now being developed could reduce energy demand even further.

Energy efficiency and fuel substitution in the cement industry, with emphasis on developing countries

Abstract: As a result of the sharp increase in the price of energy during the 1970s and the associated changes in the relative costs of alternative energy resources, all countries need to conserve energy and to replace expensive sources of energy with cheaper ones. The subjects of energy conservation and fuel substitution have therefore assumed increasing importance worldwide. The cement industry is one of the relatively energy-intensive industries with energy-related costs accounting for a major portion of the costs of manufacturing cement. The recent experience of the industrialized countries has shown that energy costs per unit of output of cement could be significantly reduced through a variety of measures ranging from better housekeeping, energy management, and improved monitoring and control systems to more capital-intensive investments in modifications to existing plant and equipment and conversion to more energy-efficient processes. This report aims at a broad presentation of concepts, measures and issues relevant to achieving such improvements in energy efficiency in the cement industry based on experience in both industrialized and developing countries

LFC leading edge glove flight: Aircraft modification design, test article development and systems integration

Abstract: Reduction of skin friction drag by suction of boundary layer air to maintain laminar flow has been known since Prandtl's published work in 1904. The dramatic increases in fuel costs and the potential for periods of limited fuel availability provided the impetus to explore technologies to reduce transport aircraft fuel consumption. NASA sponsored the Aircraft Energy Efficiency (ACEE) program in 1976 to develop technologies to improve fuel efficiency. This report documents the Lockheed-Georgia Company accomplishments in designing and fabricating a leading-edge flight test article incorporating boundary layer suction slots to be flown by NASA on their modified JetStar aircraft. Lockheed-Georgia Company performed as the integration contractor to design the JetStar aircraft modification to accept both a Lockheed and a McDonnell Douglas flight test article. McDonnell Douglas uses a porous skin concept. The report describes aerodynamic analyses, fabrication techniques, JetStar modifications, instrumentation requirements, and structural analyses and testing for the Lockheed test article. NASA will flight test the two LFC leading-edge test articles in a simulated commercial environment over a 6 to 8 month period in 1984. The objective of the flight test program is to evaluate the effectiveness of LFC leading-edge systems in reducing skin friction drag and consequently improving fuel efficiency.

Distributed Power Processing: The Systems Solution

Abstract: A case study is described of a telecommunications system wherein the utilization of power was given serious consideration from the point of inception. The objective was to determine the power processing architecture that optimized such figures of merit as efficiency, life cycle cost, first cost and reliability without imposing any of the traditional constraints that result from initiating powering-system design after the powered-system design is complete. The two designs were considered in parallel as a total system design. The resulting system has power processing integrated both physically and functionally so that the sharp line that traditionally delineates powering-system from powered-system is not at all apparent. Paramount is the fact that every figure of merit in improved substantively over that of the less distributed, bulkier powering architectures that are common today in telecommunications systems. The use of board mounted power modules, BMPMS throughout the system provides peripheral, efficient control of power so that idle circuitry can be powered down. This is accomplished with no loss of function or perceivable delay. Simulations project that this can reduce operating electrical energy to 30 percent of what it would have been. First cost of the distributed powering scheme was significantly lower than that of traditional powering schemes. Life cycle cost is greatly reduced by the lower first cost and lower operating cost provided by distributed power processing. Reliability was very closely scrutinized by computer modeling because two effects act in opposition.

Energy use - transport

Abstract: The main emphasis of this paper will relate to more effective use of motor cars and energy efficient transport. The paper also includes a discussion on electric powered transport. The frequency of transport facilities for the mobility of these energy resources is also highlighted in this paper.

Energy efficiency and fuel substitution in the cement industry with emphasis on developing countries. Technical paper

Abstract: As a result of the sharp increase in the price of energy during the 1970s and the associated changes in the relative costs of alternative energy resources, all countries need to conserve energy and to replace expensive sources of energy with cheaper ones. The subjects of energy conservation and fuel substitution have therefore assumed increasing importance worldwide. The cement industry is one of the relatively energy-intensive industries with energy-related costs accounting for a major portion of the costs of manufacturing cement. The recent experience of the industrialized countries has shown that energy costs per unit of output of cement could be significantly reduced through a variety of measures ranging from better housekeeping, energy management, and improved monitoring and control systems to more capital-intensive investments in modifications to existing plant and equipment and conversion to more energy-efficient processes. This report aims at a broad presentation of concepts, measures and issues relevant to achieving such improvements in energy efficiency in the cement industry based on experience in both industrialized and developing countries. In so doing, it identifies possible constraints to the successful execution of energy efficiency programs that can be found in many developing countries, and indicates some measures that can be more » taken at the government, industry and plant levels to stimulate the achievement of increased energy efficiency at the plant level. (Copyright (c) 1983 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank.) « less

Energy efficient heating system

Abstract: An energy efficient heating system for utilizing non-petroleum based fuels capable of obtained incremetalized burn rates and fully automated control whereupon the beneficial utilization of heat produced thereby is maximized and the waste of heat is significantly reduced. System especially adapted for heating living areas such as mobile homes and operating heat-needy appliances and functions located therein.

Passive cooling strategies

Abstract: This article describes a design method, based on monthly average temperatures, which has been developed to approximate the need for shading and other strategies. A building's use often determines the timing and extent of its occupancy, and its occupancy schedule and activities will establish what temperatures and humidity are comfortable for the occupants and will affect the magnitude of the heating or cooling loads and when they occur throughout the year and day. Office buildings require less heating and more cooling than homes or other envelope-dominated buildings. The need for shading found on a two-hour temperature chart can be plotted on a sunpath diagram to choose appropriate shading devices for the climate. For parts of the sun-path diagram when only one month along a sun-path needs shading, seasonally adjusted shading devices are needed.

A present trend in rectification: energy saving

Abstract: Rectification columns are the greatest consumers of energy in many chemical plants. Decreasing their energy consumption has been a long-term aim of process engineering. These considerations have culminated, e.g., in the splitting of a separation between two columns operating at different pressures to make an energy match feasible, the application of heat pumps, the addition of intermediate evaporators and condensers, and also the joint execution of different separations in one column with several feeds and side streams. Formerly, these ideas were often thwarted by high investment costs and (supposedly) reduced flexibility. However, in recent years, the design of complex plants with extensive energy matching has become commonplace. A prerequisite is the feasibility of calculating exactly the necessary separation units; moreover, there is also a need for efficient column sections and heat exchangers which can operate with small pressure drops and modest temperature differences. A general energy-saving strategy also leads to process modifications in other separation techniques such as liquid-liquid extraction.

Journal of Energy Engineering

Abstract: The Journal of Energy Engineering reports on the scientific and engineering knowledge in the planning, development, management, and finances of energy-related programs. The journal is dedicated to civil engineering aspects of the issues, sources, and programs that are either directly related to, or can ultimately contribute to, the production, distribution, and storage of energy. Multidisciplinary subjects are especially encouraged. Original contributions are encouraged in, but not limited to, the following areas: generation of electric power; nuclear power issues; energy planning (planning for generation capacity expansions, hydropower planning, network and transmission planning, reliability); energy policy and economics (financial and customer markets, regulatory and financial issues); energy development (solar power, renewable energy, waste-to-energy systems); energy systems operation (thermal and hydropower operation and optimization, scheduling, load forecasting, demand-side management); energy efficiency, reducing consumption of or conservation of energy; energy sustainability as related to energy and power production, distribution, and usage; waste management and environmental issues; and energy infrastructure issues (power plant safety, security of infrastructure network).

Energy‐saving pump selection

Abstract: The use of pumps that operate efficiently over a broad range of coverage when combined with efficient drivers can achieve significant savings in energy costs. Dual-speed, 2-winding motors provide a broad coverage of pumping requirements and achieve high operating efficiencies. The choices made to meet differing conditions at three installations in Canada serve as examples.

Application of Plasma Erosion Opening Switches to High Power Accelerators for Pulse Compression and Power Multiplication

Abstract: : A new vacuum opening switch called a Plasma Erosion Opening Switch is described. A model of its operation is presented and the energy efficiency of such a switch is discussed. Recent high power experiments on the Gamble II accelerator are described and compared to previous experiments.

Improving energy efficiency through computer modeling

Abstract: An extended-period water distribution model, developed as a tool for water distribution system analysis, was used to determine operations procedures that would reduce energy costs. The first analysis was based on the use of existing equipment, and the second was based on the use of equipment recommended as part of planned improvements to the system. Modifications in operations could reduce energy costs by 9 percent. Improvements to the system could reduce energy costs by about 20 percent. The development of least-cost operating procedures required numerous model simulations over the range of historic flow demands. As a prerequisite for the modeling, an in-place pump test program was conducted to determine the wire-to-water efficiency of the existing pumps. Energy use charges for the system under study could be reduced by increasing the running time of the most energy efficient pumps (as determined in the field pump test program) to the maximum degree and by decreasing as much as possible the volume of high-pressure zone water transferred to the low-pressure zone by means of PRVs. Energy demand charges could be reduced by limiting the number of pumps that would have to be operated simultaneously.