Showing papers on "Encoding (memory) published in 1995"

Optical image encryption based on input plane and Fourier plane random encoding.

Abstract: We propose a new optical encoding method of images for security applications. The encoded image is obtained by random-phase encoding in both the input and the Fourier planes. We analyze the statistical properties of this technique and show that the encoding converts the input signal to stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is robust.

Learning and memory

Abstract: The ability to learn and to remember increases the adaptability of organisms. The article contains a brief survey of different types of learning and memory and of brain areas of particular importance for these functions. The lessons learnt from patient HM and a personal account of his appearance are given. Finally selected cellular and molecular models for learning and memory in lower and higher animals are briefly reviewed.

Methods and devices for encoding and decoding frame signals and recording medium therefor

Abstract: A motion vector detection circuit detects the motion vector for each macro-block between an odd field and an even field. An encoding system decision circuit decides the type of the encoding system, that is if the encoding system is a field-based encoding system or a frame-based encoding system, based on a median of a motion vector. A control circuit controls gates and changeover switches, in accordance with the encoding system type as decided by the decision system, for generating a field-based reference picture or a frame-based reference picture from buffer memories. The circuitry from an additive node to a VLC circuit finds difference data between the reference picture and the picture to be encoded, while transforming the difference data by discrete cosine transform and variable length encoding the transformed data. The VLC circuit sets the encoding system type as a flag in a header of a predetermined hierarchical layer of a bit stream. By the above operation, any interlaced picture may be encoded efficiently, whether the picture includes little motion or abundant motion or includes both little motion and abundant motion in combination. A picture data decoding device detects the flag and executes decoding by changing over field-based decoding to frame-based decoding or vice versa depending on the flag for reproducing the picture data.

High speed bidirectional signaling scheme

Abstract: In a computer system having multiple components, a bidirectional scheme which allows bidirectional data communications between components over a single wire without using termination resistors by placing two drivers from two corresponding processor cores on the same wire, and allowing simultaneous data transfer in two directions. This doubles the effective bandwidth per pin without requiring a modification to the clocking scheme of the system. The driver is impedance matched to the line, and used as the termination for the driver on the opposite end of the wire. This reduces the termination power, since no power is consumed when both drivers are in the same state. The bidirectional flow of data creates a ternary encoding, with a relatively simple decoding possible.

The nature of memory for action events: An episodic integration view

Abstract: Four experiments studied the effect of conceptual integration (semantic integration) on the memory performance of action events. Experiment I studied normatively semantic integration within each individual item. The remaining experiments examined the effect of semantic integration at encoding on memory for subject-performed tasks (SPTs) and memory for verbal tasks (VTs). Both SPT and VT memory were tested in free recall and cued recall. In cued recall, either verbs or nouns (objects) were used as cues. In Experiment 2, well-integrated (WI) and poorly integrated (PI) items were used as a between-subjects variable. In Experiment 3, using a longer study list, type of item was a within-subjects variable. In Experiment 4, the level of integration was decreased for WIs and increased for PIs. The results from all experiments indicated that the encoding of the two components of SPTs (action verb and object) are together affected by semantic integration of the conceptual pre-experimental relation between ...

Secure self learning system

Abstract: A method and system for the remote control of devices having a secure self learn capability. The system includes an encoder and a decoder, the encoder encoding variable information including a user key using a non-linear algorithm to produce an encoded value transmitted to the decoder, the decoder decoding the value using the same algorithm. In a learning mode a new encoder is to be added to the system. The new encoder produces an encoded value using a key generation seed. The decoder, upon receiving the encoded key generation seed, produces a decoding key based upon the decoded key generation seed. The decoding key is stored in the decoder memory allowing valid recognition of the new encoder in a secure manner.

Brain systems for encoding and retrieval of auditory-verbal memory.

Abstract: Long-term auditory-verbal memory comprises, at a neuropsychological level, a number of distinct cognitive processes. In the present study we determined the brain systems engaged during encoding (experiment 1) and retrieval (experiment 2) of episodic auditory-verbal material. In the separate experiments, PET measurements of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), an index of neural activity, were performed in normal volunteers during either the encoding or the retrieval of paired word associates. In experiment 1, a dual task interference paradigm was used to isolate areas involved in episodic encoding from those which would be concurrently activated by other cognitive processes associated with the presentation of paired associates, notably priming. In experiment 2, we used the cued retrieval of paired associates from episodic or from semantic memory in order to isolate the neural correlates of episodic memories. Encoding of episodic memory was associated with activation of the left prefrontal cortex and the retrosplenial area of the cingulate cortex, while retrieval from episodic memory was associated with activation of the precuneus bilaterally and of the right prefrontal cortex. These results are compatible with the patterns of activation reported in a previous PET memory experiment in which encoding and retrieval were studied concurrently. They also indicate that separate brain systems are engaged during the encoding and retrieval phases of episodic auditory-verbal memory. Retrieval from episodic memory engages a different, but overlapping, system to that engaged by retrieval from semantic memory, a finding that lends functional anatomical support to this neuropsychological distinction.

Effects of frame-of-reference training and information configuration on memory organization and rating accuracy.

Abstract: It was hypothesized that encoding conditions would substitute for, or neutralize, the effects of frame-of-reference (FOR) training on rating accuracy by encouraging or impeding the person organization of behavior in memory. Undergraduates (N=121) were trained with FOR or control procedures, observed videotaped manager performance in a blocked or a mixed order, rated the managers on 3 performance dimensions, and free-recalled target performance vignettes. FOR training and blocked information improved rating accuracy and led to person-based recall; however, person organization was uncorrelated with accuracy. Results are discussed in terms of R. S. Wyer and T. K. Srull's (1989) model of person memory and judgment from which it is proposed that memory organization for behaviors may be unnecessary for rating accuracy

The encoding and retrieval of numerical data for decision making in accounting contexts: Model development

Abstract: This paper presents a model that concerns the encoding and retrieval of numerical data in accounting decision-making contexts. The model identifies the forms of encoded representations used to capture numerical data in memory structures, indicates the relative retrievability of those encoded representations, and discusses factors that may affect encoding and retrieval processes. We argue that affective or evaluative reactions to numerical data are central to encoding and retrieval processes in accounting decision contexts. The basic tenets of the model are presented in 12 propositions that are supported by theoretical and empirical research in areas such as cognitive development, human memory, social cognition and human information processing. The propositions identify issues that are empirically testable, and as such, can provide a framework for research into the encoding and retrieval operations utilized when accounting decision makers consider numerical data.

Method and device for optimal bit allocation between different sources of information in digital video compression

Abstract: The present invention provides a method (200, 400) and device (500) for, within a variable or fixed block size video compression scheme, providing optimal bit allocation among at least three critical types of data: segmentation, motion vectors and prediction error, or DFD. Since the amount of information represented by one bit for a particular type of data is not equivalent to the information represented by one bit for some other data type, this consideration is taken into account to efficiently encode the video sequence. Thus, a computationally efficient method is provided for optimally encoding a given frame of a video sequence wherein, for a given bit budget the proposed encoding scheme leads to the smallest possible distortion and vice versa, for a given distortion, the proposed encoding scheme leads to the smallest possible rate.

Optical image encryption using input plane and Fourier plane random encoding

Abstract: We analyze the statistical properties of a new optical encoding method of images for security applications. The encoded image is obtained by random phase encoding in both input and Fourier planes. We show that this encoding method converts the input signal to a stationary white noise and that the reconstruction method is very robust.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Image encoding and decoding apparatus

Abstract: An image encoding apparatus, image decoding apparatus, or image encoding and decoding apparatus having a circuit for dividing a screen into sub-areas to conduct an encoding or decoding operation for each sub-area includes an image dividing circuit for dividing an input image into sub-areas each having a predetermined contour, sub-encoders for encoding the sub-areas respectively related thereto, a code integrating circuit for integrating the codes of the respective sub-areas, and a shared memory for storing images locally decoded by the sub-encoders.

Methods and apparatus for reducing blockiness in decoded video

Abstract: Methods and apparatus directed to reducing blockiness resulting from encoding digital video data using, e.g., DCTs are disclosed. An encoder which encodes video signals into a digital video bitstream including information identifying blocky video and instructions for processing the blocky video is also disclosed. A plurality of methods of identifying blocky video in an encoded bitstream by analyzing the encoded bitstream are also disclosed. In addition, various methods of filtering both non-blocky and blocky video, without adversely affecting the non-blocky video, are described.

Video signal encoding in accordance with stored parameters

Abstract: A motion vector detected by a motion detector (2) and a quantizing parameter and a frame structure determined by a controller (4) are stored in a memory (5). The data thus stored is supplied to an encoder (3) which carries out the encode processing corresponding to the stored data. Thus, the data are coded via multiple paths which can reduce restrictions from the standpoint of time and also reduce the scale of hardware need for encoding.

Moving image encoding method and apparatus, and moving image decoding method and apparatus

Abstract: A moving image signal encoding and decoding method to enhance coding efficiency. In motion compensation predictive coding a moving image signal, in an inter picture distance calculation circuit 10, a distance for a time preceding past reference picture and a distance for a time following future reference picture are calculated by the video signal of a predetermined picture unit, and in a predictive mode determination circuit 8, motion compensation predictive coding, which is applied to the video signal of a predetermined picture unit, is selected in accordance with the calculated distances.

Image encoding method and apparatus

Abstract: This invention relates to an image encoding method and apparatus, and particularly has as its object to satisfactorily control the amount of encoded image data. In order to achieve this object, according to this invention, there is disclosed a technique for sequentially controlling the code amounts in accordance with accumulated code amount information and accumulated encoded area information, so that variable-length codes of an image fall within a predetermined memory capacity in a single pass. More specifically, in an image processing apparatus having a compression processor ( 15 ) for compressing input image information, and a memory ( 16 ) for storing encoded data by the compression processor ( 15 ), a code amount controller ( 14 ) calculates a reference code amount on the basis of the input image information, and controls the encoding condition of the compression processor ( 15 ) on the basis of the calculated reference code amount.

High-efficiency encoding method and apparatus and high-efficiency decoding method and apparatus

Abstract: A high-efficiency encoding method and apparatus assuring a higher data compression ratio than with known encoding method and apparatus The multi-channel signals including bandwidth-limited signals of at least one channel are encoded by the same encoding technique by an encoding unit The bandwidth-limited signals of at least one channel, resulting from encoding by the encoding unit, are re-encoded by a re-encoding unit for eliminating the redundant information produced by the bandwidth limitation

Image decoding apparatus

Abstract: Encoding data are given to a variable-length decoding circuit and are decoded, and are given to a memory so as to be stored therein. The same data are read out from the memory, whereby decoding processing of the encoding data is executed twice within one frame period. Decoding data due to the twice decoding processings are stored in the memory at an output part thereof. Data of odd fields are read out in display order in the first half of the display period of one frame. Data of even fields are read out in display order in the latter half of the display period of one frame. Thus, even in case where restored image data of a B-picture are outputted in interlacing, a memory capacity can be reduced.

Method and device for encoding and decoding stereoscopic animation

Abstract: PURPOSE: To improve the compression efficiency of a stereoscopic animation signal by synthesizing a right-eye animation signal with a left-eye animation signal at every horizontal scanning line by means of a frame unit. CONSTITUTION: A left-eye animation 1 and a right-eye animation 2 have plural frames formed by plural line pictures obtained by non-interlace scanning system. A compositing unit M respectively inputs the left animation 1 and the right animation 2 and merges one frame of the left animation 1 with one frame of the right one 2. By this merge processing, a frame picture 3 is generated by alternately merging the line L1 of the left animation 1 and the line L2 of the right one 2. An encoder 4 inputs the frame picture 3 merged by the compositing unit M and encodes it. That is, the line L1 of the left animation 1 and the line L2 of the right one 2 are alternately merged and one frame picture 3 is generated so that the stereoscopic animation is efficiently encoded by utilizing the encoder 4 corresponding to publicly known MPEG(Moving Picture Image Coding Experto Group) standard.

Effects of implicit memory on explicit recall: Set size and word-frequency effects

Abstract: PIER was designed to explain findings related to tasks involving an encoding phase and a testing phase in which retrieval cues prime the recovery of what has been encoded. The model assumes that retrieval cues initiate the sampling of associated memories linked to the encoded information and that sampled memories are subjected to a recognition check to determine whether they meet criteria specified by the purpose of the retrieval. The model explains how the number of implicitly activated associates linked to a studied word affects its later recovery and predicts that words infrequently experienced will be recovered with greater likelihood than words frequently experienced. This prediction was tested and confirmed in two experiments in which the associative set size and the frequency of the studied words were manipulated. Implications for the study of implicit memory are considered.

Method, apparatus and recording medium for a coder with a spectral-shape-adaptive subband configuration

Abstract: A method for encoding the information is provided which realizes a high encoding efficiency especially for tonal acoustic signals without lowering the sound quality. An acoustic signal from a terminal is transformed by a transform circuit into spectral signals which are then normalized and quantized by a signal component encoding circuit for encoding from one encoding unit to another. The encoding unit configuration is selected by an encoding unit configuration decision circuit from plural encoding unit configurations depending upon the shape of distribution of the spectral components. An encoding unit of narrow low bandwidth is selected for a tonal signal.

Compatible class encoding in Roth-Karp decomposition for two-output LUT architecture

Abstract: Roth-Karp decomposition is one of the most popular techniques for LUT-based FPGA technology mapping because it can decompose a node into a set of nodes with fewer numbers of fanins. In this paper, we show how to formulate the compatible class encoding problem in Roth-Karp decomposition as a symbolic-output encoding problem in order to exploit the feature of the two-output LUT architecture. Based on this formulation, we also develop an encoding algorithm to minimize the number of LUT's required to implement the logic circuit. Experimental results show that our encoding algorithm can produce promising results in the logic synthesis environment for the two-output LUT architecture.

Solving two-spiral problem through input data representation

Abstract: This paper studies the effect of input data representation on the performance of backpropagation neural network in solving a highly nonlinear two-spiral problem. Several popularly used data encoding schemes and a proposed encoding scheme were examined. It was found that input data encoding affects a neural network's ability in extracting features from the raw data and therefore the network training time and generalisation property. Using a proper input encoding approach, the two-spiral problem can be solved with a standard backpropagation neural network.

Encoding images using decode rate control

Abstract: The video encoding scheme used by a video encoder is selected from a variety of different possible video encoding schemes having different decode rates to generate an encoded video bitstream to achieve a desired decode rate in a specified decoding environment. The video encoder allows a user to select different characteristics of the video encoding scheme to generate the encoded video bitstream for a specific decoding platform.

Learning vector quantization and a temporary memory such that the codebook contents are renewed when a first speaker returns

Abstract: An encoding/decoding system employing vector quantization realizes a high quality encoding and decoding with decreased quantizing errors, employing a small sized codebook which faithfully represents each of the inputted waveform vectors An encoding/decoding system includes an encoding apparatus and a decoding apparatus, each having a codebook for storing information vectors representative of a predetermined number of signal patterns and index that determine the information vectors The encoding apparatus compares a vector representing an object signal to be quantized with each information vector in the codebook, selects an information vector that is closest to the vector and outputs an index for the information vector The decoding apparatus obtains an information vector corresponding to the index obtained at the encoding apparatus side by referring to the codebook and decodes the object signal The codebook utilizes a temporary memory connected thereto The content of the codebook is temporarily moved to the temporary memory when the identity of the speaker changes The contents of the temporary memory are read out when the original speakers returns to the system

Data reproducing method and data reproducing apparatus

Abstract: Decoding data in a special mode is provided without frequent access to a disk. The reproduced data, corresponding to encoded video frames, is written to a storage memory during a normal mode. Attribute information is stored for each encoded video frame which includes the type of encoding for each encoded video frame and its position within the storage memory. In a special mode, encoded video frames are read from the storage memory in a special sequence. Encoded video frames needed to decode a respective encoded video frame are selectively read from the storage memory according to the attribute information. It becomes unnecessary in the present invention, therefore, to reproduce the data necessary for decoding during a special mode, thereby shortening access to the disk and smoothing reproduction of the encoded video frames during the special mode.

A flexible ECC/parity bit architecture

Abstract: A semiconductor memory device is disclosed which includes an input terminal for receiving, and an output terminal for producing a data word, each having a predetermined number of bits. An internal memory array stores a plurality of error correcting encoded codewords each encoding more than one data word. An error correcting encoder is coupled between the input terminal and the memory array for generating an error correcting encoded codeword, encoding the received data word, and storing the codeword in the internal memory array. An error correcting decoder is coupled between the internal memory array and the output terminal to retrieve an error correction encoded codeword from the internal memory array, correct any detected errors, and produce one of the more than one data words encoded in the retrieved codeword at the output terminal.