Showing papers on "FOIL method published in 1981"

Foil thickness measurements from convergent-beam diffraction patterns

Abstract: The analysis of convergent-beam electron diffraction patterns for foil thickness is easily carried out in the two-beam approximation to dynamical diffraction theory. The effects of this approximation on the accuracy of foil thickness determinations are considered, as well as the range of thicknesses which can be measured with the technique. Inaccuracies due to multiple-beam effects are minimized by avoiding diffracting conditions involving low-order reflections. For 100 keV electron energy, errors of less than 2% in thickness determination are possible in Al, Cu and Au, if the diffraction vector g is equal to or larger than 200, 220 or 311 respectively. The minimum thickness measurable for these materials diminishes as |g| increases, but is approximately 20 nm for the lower-order reflections. The maximum thickness measurable is limited by absorption, and is estimated for Al, Cu and Au to be approximately 600, 130 and 40 nm respectively.

Method for manufacturing a filter of electrically charged electret fiber material and electret filters obtained according to said method

Abstract: A method for forming a filter of electrically charged electret fiber material, consisting of a high molecular weight, nonpolar polymeric substance, comprising drawing, charging, and fibrillating a foil of said high molecular weight substance. The fibrillated foil is wound and then crimping is effected.

Devices containing PTC conductive polymer compositions

Abstract: Electrical devices comprising a conductive polymer element, preferably a PTC element, and at least one metal foil electrode. Preferred devices are circuit protection devices. The devices can be made by laminating the foil to the conductive polymer element under controlled conditions of time, temperature and pressure.

Sheet assembly and method of manufacturing same

Abstract: The present invention relates to a sheet assembly with a permeability at least to gaseous media, as well as a method for manufacturing same. The object of the present invention is to produce a sheet assembly which may be used as a forming fabric, press fabric and/or drying fabric, including as a press felt or drying felt. This object is achieved in that a sheet assembly according to the present invention is characterized by a foil (1) of a substantially liquid impermeable material which is coordinated with a reinforcement structure (3) which is disposed wholly or partially within the foil (1) and is permeable to gas and possibly also to liquid, at least the foil (1) displaying substantially vertical through-channels (2).

Method of producing electrical contacts on a silicon solar cell

Abstract: A method of producing electrical contacts on a Silicon Solar Cell comprises stamping contact shapes from a carrier with a metallic film or foil adhered thereto and applying the stamped out film or foil to the silicon surface to adhere thereto while removing the carrier therefrom.

The design and use of a simple device for rapid quench-freezing of biological samples.

Abstract: The detailed design of a simple device for rapid quench-freezing of biological samples under reproducible conditions is presented. With spring-augmented descent, sample immersion velocity of 10 m s-1 into a cryogenic liquid is achieved. Biological samples, loaded in Balzers planchets, Denton holders, or a newly designed 'titanium envelope', are suitable for rapid-freezing with this device. Using 4 micrometers titanium foil, light weight (1 mg) streamlined holders can easily be made to enclose cell suspensions or tissue samples. The foil envelope is designed for efficient heat dissipation while protecting the sample from possible impact or flow distortions occurring from spring-augmented immersion. Human erythrocytes, quench-frozen in the titanium envelope, were prepared for electron microscopy by the freeze-substitution technique. Two opposing 25--30 micrometers surface zones were frozen in the apparent absence of ice. The extended depth of cryofixation is attributed to the advantages of thin foil in the titanium envelope design and the use of rapid-immersion technique.

Application of an alumina coating to oxide whisker- covered surface on a1-containing stainless steel foil

Abstract: In a preferred embodiment, a method is disclosed for applying a gamma alumina coating to a metal foil composed of an aluminum-containing ferritic stainless steel alloy and having an oxidized surface that is substantially covered by high-aspect alumina whiskers. The method comprises wetting the whisker-covered surface with a thixotropic alumina gel formed by mixing between about 4% to 6% by weight alumina monohydrate in water and acidifying with nitric acid to a pH below 2.0. While still wet, the primed surface is coated with a material consisting of gamma alumina powder suspended in a similar acid-stabilized aqueous alumina gel. The two-coat layer is air-dried and additional layers of the powder-containing material are applied and dried to form a gamma alumina coating of desired thickness.

Solar panel with hardened foil back layer

Abstract: A solar panel has at least one solar cell and a sheet of hardened aluminum foil underlying the cell The panel preferably has a rigid transparent sheet above the cell, the foil sheet being bonded to the cell and to the transparent sheet The foil sheet may be substantially continuous and provide a hermetic seal near the lower surface of the panel

High pressure electric-discharge lamp

Abstract: PURPOSE:To facilitate greatly the discharge initiation of a high pressure electric- discharge lamp by sealing airtightly a metal foil by use of a quartz glass to make a starting auxiliary body, connecting one end of the metal foil to one of the main electrodes so that they have the same electric potential, and installing the said auxiliary body close to the emission tube. CONSTITUTION:A starting auxiliary body 15 is provided near an emission tube 1 used for a high pressure electric-discharge lamp. The body 15 is prepared by charging a metal foil 16 airtightly in a quartz glass 17 except one end of the foil 16, and the end of the foil 16 is connected to a main electrode 2 so that they have the same electric potential. The shortest distance between the outer wall of the tube 1 and the body 15 is adjusted to below 7mm.. Owing to the quartz glass 17, charged particles existing around a main electrode 3 and drawn by the body 15 don't concentrate on the body 15 and come to extend easily toward the main electrode 2 along the body 15. Consequently, the starting voltage can be reduced and the restarting time can be shortened without deteriorating the life of the lamp.

Method of manufacturing a decorated forming article and the article thereby formed

Abstract: This invention relates to a method of decorating the surface of an article made of synthetic resin and a metal mold for decoration of the article thereby formed. More particularly, it relates to a method of manufacturing a decorated article and a metal mold for its formation characterized by: heating an endless like transfer foil fed endless-like into a metal mold; spraying hot air from an injection mold of said metal mold together with leading said heated transfer foil into the metal mold with a surface which decorates said article through an adhesive layer facing the injection mold; sticking said transfer foil to the inner circumference wall surface of said metal mold by applying suction to the transfer foil with a pouring mold; a given forming article by injection of a synthetic resin from the injection mold after closing the injection mold and the pouring mold completely; peeling off the article from the base film of said transfer foil when said article is removed from said metal mold; and only transfering the printing layer of the transfer foil to the outer surface of the forming article.

Lattice fringe imaging of modulated structures

Abstract: A study is made of the accuracy with which two-beam lattice fringe images of modulated structures can be interpreted, with particular reference to spinodally decomposed alloys. The dependence of the image upon foil thickness, lens parameters and atomic segregation is discussed and the importance these parameters have upon similar images from any region of slowly varying interplanar spacings is outlined.

Method for manufacturing a wound foil structure comprising distinct catalysts

Abstract: A preferred catalytic converter structure suitable for treating automotive exhaust gases comprises a wound corrugated metal foil and gas passages defined by facing foil surfaces of adjacent turns, wherein one surface carries platinum catalyst and the facing surface separately carries palladium catalyst for concurrently treating gases flowing therethrough. A preferred method for manufacturing said structure comprises applying platinum catalyst and palladium catalyst to distinct halves in length of both foil surfaces, which halves border along a transverse axis, and winding the foil about the axis to bring the surfaces into facing relationship.

Ac etching of aluminum capacitor foil

Abstract: Aluminum capacitor foil is etched in a bath at 30° to 45° C. containing 0.5 to 1.8 M hydrochloric acid, 0.05 to 0.3 M phosphoric acid, 0.2 to 0.5 aluminum chloride and 0.09 to 1.0 M alkali or alkaline earth metal chloride while being subjected to alternating current at 15 to 36 Hz frequency.

Deformable roof sealing material

Abstract: By corrugating a deformable sheet material for use in roof tightening to a continuous S-shape forming waves with troughs, the diameter (a) of which is greater that their slit aperture (b), and by providing the crests of the waves and the external side of the valleys with transverse stampings (4), the sheet can be given substantially the same stretchability and workability as a conventional plane sheet lead and can be used in replacement thereof, for example for tightening the connection between a skylight flashing and a non-plane roofing. The sheet material may consist wholly of lead or another metal, in which case a sheet of smaller thickness than conventional sheet lead can be used, which gives an improved workability, so that assembling can be carried out without hammering with the resulting variations in thickness. The sheet material may, alternatively, be carried out in the form of a sandwich consisting of an aluminium foil (1) and a tension reducing and stabilizing protective layer which may comprise an adhesive paste (3) and a cover foil (2) on one side of the foil (1) or layers of elastomeric material such as naturel or synthetic rubber on one side or both sides of the foil. In the latter embodiment, the sheet material may be given the shape of a strip, in one longitudinal side of which a strip- or thread-shaped plumb may be inserted for the purpose of weighing down the strip.

Method for the preparation of highly heat-resistant relief structures and the use thereof

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the preparation of highly heat-resistant relief structures with a base of polymers of heterocyclic structure by applying radiation-sensitive soluble polymer precursor stages in the form of a film or foil to a substrate, irradiating the film or foil through negative patterns with actinic light or by deflecting a light, electron or ion beam, removing the non-irradiated film or foil portions and, optionally, by subsequent annealing, as well as to the use of relief structures prepared in this manner. It is provided to use as polymer precursor stages addition products of cyclic carboxylic-acid anhydrides with hydroxyl group-containing compounds, where the hydroxyl group-containing compounds represent addition products of olefinically unsaturated mono-epoxides on carboxyl group-containing prepolymers of polyimides, polyisoindoloquinazoline diones, polyoxazine diones and polyquinazoline diones or on amino group-containing prepolymers of polyimidazoles and polyimidazopyrrolones or on hydroxyl group-containing prepolymers of polyoxazoles. The relief structures prepared by the method according to the invention are suitable especially for use as resists, surface coating materials and insulating materials.

Role of Surface Interactions in Beam-Foil Excited-State Formation

Abstract: Polarization measurements have been performed on radiation emitted by ${\mathrm{He}}^{+}$ ions (468.6 nm) in transmission (beam foil) and reflection (grazing incidence) geometries, with use of both carbon foil and silicon single-crystal targets. Comparison of the results of the two geometries and the two different targets indicates that the excited-state formation occurs at the exit surface. The impact of these results on current theories is discussed.

Electrical network and method for producing the same

Abstract: An electrical network containing at least one electric resistor, includes a support foil and at least one resistance layer coating the support foil forming the at least one electric resistor. The support foil and resistance layer are folded along a zig-zag line forming two outer surfaces of the resistance layer. Contact layers are each disposed on a different one of the outer surfaces of the resistance layer, a plastic layer is applied on the contact layers, and outer contact layers each make contact with a different one of the contact layers. A method is also provided for producing the same.

Disposable foil broiling sheet

Abstract: An improved disposable foil cooking sheet which is manufactured as a triputite laminate. The laminate comprises a generally flat foraminous impermeable foil upper layer, a central core of dry bibulous material and a generally flat imperforate lower layer. Several disposable foil cooking sheets may be connected in seriation and rolled into a roll.

Stability of Ablatively Accelerated Thin Foils

Abstract: The stability of ablatively accelerated single-layer and multilayer thin foil targets has been studied by x-ray shadowgraphy and x-ray spectral analysis of the rear target surface. Results show the single-layer foil acceleration to be essentially stable with the disassembly being thermally dominated. An upper limit to Rayleigh-Taylor growth of 1.8 is determined compared to a classical value of 11. Evidence, though, of internal layer mixing in the multilayer target is seen.

Neutron absorber, neutron absorber assembly utilizing the same, and other uses thereof

Abstract: Disclosed is a neutron absorber of amorphous alloy which comprises at least one of Fe, Ni and Fe-Ni, and at least one of neutron absorbing substance such as B, Sm, Gd, Eu, Er, Dy, Rh, Re, lr, Au, Ag, Li, Cd, In, Hg and Hf, with or without other heat stabilizing substance(s) and/or Cr. The neutron absorber can be prepared in the form of a foil, and is utilized for a neutron absorber assembly for control rod of a neuclear reactor, a neutron shielding material for clinical purpose, and a neutron absorber curtain for a waste storage tank for radioactive wastes.

Composite foil covers for thermoplastic containers - with substrate layer precut to provide a small opening in the cover

Abstract: A layer of Al foil coated with a melt adhesive is laminated to a substrate of thermoplastic material which will adhere to the adhesive layer and will weld with a peripheral flange on the rim of a thermoplastic container. The substrate is out to isolate parts of the substrate which remain in place by adherance to the adhesive. Used to provide thermoplastic containers with a composite sealed cover so that the foil can be peeled off removing one or more precut portions of the substrate to provide access to the contents via a relatively small opening. More efficient than preparing and fitting individual covers.

Apparatus for drip irrigation

Abstract: Drip irrigation apparatus comprising at least one foil element including at least one first surface having a raised pattern formed thereon and defining a portion of a pressure reducing pathway and at least one second surface joined to the at least one first surface and defining therewith the pressure reducing pathway, the at least one second surface being disposed in non-coextensive overlapping relationship with respect to the at least one first surface thereby leaving at least one water pathway between the interior and exterior of the pressure reducing pathway.

Observation of optical emission from beam-foil excited Li-

Abstract: 2014 We have verified by a method of charge assignment by Doppler effect that the line observed at 348.9 nm in a lithium beam excited by a carbon foil is due to Linegative ion, in agreement with a calculation of Bunge [5]. J. Physique LETTRES 42 (1981) L-59 L-61 1 ler FÉVRIER 1981, Classification Physics Abstracts 32.30J 36.90 Short lifetime levels of negative ions can arise from the capture of electrons in collision with neutral atoms, from the excitation of fast negative ions or by a twostep charge exchange process in fast positive ions. These negative ion states overlap the adjacent continuum of the neutral atom and their nature is strongly influenced by interaction of configurations. For the multiply excited levels deexcitation may occur either via auto-ionization or radiative decay. Negative helium states have been seen in electron transmission type experiments [1] with single-electron emission into excited states and two-electron emission into the He+ ground state as decay modes, or in trapped electron methods. But there are no measurements of negative ion resonance in lithium although they have been predicted [2]. In connection with a tunable laser photodetachment measurement from alkali negative ions by a JILA group [3], Norcross [4] calculated alkali negative ion bound states with configuration np2 3P lying just below the first excited state of the neutral atom for every species except Li-. However, recently Bunge [5] reported on the existence of bound states of core excited negative lithium and the electric dipole transition between them, suggesting the possible occurrence of this radiation in the beam-foil source from a long lived ls 2p3 5S0 level of Li . It was known that fast Liis produced by beam gas and beam-foil collision but till Bunge’s paper it had been never suggested that a negative ion could emit photons. However a low intensity emission had been observed for some time at different energies (from 50 keV to 450 keV in our laboratory) at À = 348.9 nm, near the wavelength calculated by Bunge for the El decay of Li(Is 2p3 SS0) into Li(Is 2s 2p2 Sp) (Fig.1). Fig. 1. Beam-foil spectrum of lithium, 140 keV beam energy, 10 mm downstream from foil. We have verified that this beam-foil excited line is really due to Liion emission. From the position of the ls 2p3 SS0 Lilevel in the global energy diagram of lithium one would expect it to have an excitation function similar to the one for the quartet system of neutral Li** [6]. In fact, from spectra recorded from 50 keV to 450 keV it results that the Article published online by EDP Sciences and available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jphyslet:0198100420305900 L-60 JOURNAL DE PHYSIQUE LETTRES projectile velocity dependence of emission is about the same for Li** (ls 2s 2p 4pO 2s 2p2 4P) 371.4 nm and the line observed at 348.9 nm. Thus this line could be emitted by a doubly excited state of neutral Li. The direct and definitive evidence of Lioptical emission was obtained by means of a Doppler shift experiment (Fig. 2). Fig. 2. Experimental apparatus for separation of charges by Doppler shift.

Thermal flow speed measurement - using combined heater-sensing elements at two measurement points independent of heating times

Abstract: A thermal flow measurement device is esp. for measuring flow speeds below 2 m/sec. A heater periodically heats the medium passing the beginning of a measurement path which then heats a temp. sensor at the end of the path. The time phase difference between the heating processes at both ends is measured. The measured phase difference and hence flow speed are practically unaffected by the heating times. These are speed and sensor material dependent. Each end of the measurement section (1) is defined by a measurement element (3,7) which is simultaneously a heating and temp. sensing device of thermally conducting material. These may consists of thick film heater elements with thermally coupled pyrodetectors mounted on a polarised ferroelectric foil.

Packaging for electrical components

Abstract: Packaging for single electrical components, including a preformed, one-piece plastic foil having receptacles for individual components formed therein, and a one-piece adhesive foil closing the receptacles with the components disposed therein.

Thermal contact probing by photoacoustic effect

Abstract: The influence on the photoacoustic signal of the thermal contact resistance at the interface sample substrate is investigated using a thin metallic foil (thickness ∼12.5 μm) as sample. The foil is either applied by pressure against the substrate or epoxyed on it. The resistance is determined by interpreting magnitude and phase data obtained by varying the laser source modulation frequency. In the light of the results obtained with the thin foil, we discuss the limitations introduced by thermal contact in the photoacoustic detection of aerosols collected on a surface.

Gas Foil Bearing Development Program.

Abstract: : This document presents the final technical report for the nineteen-month gas foil bearing development program. The 3.5-inch foil bearing design was analyzed using an elasto-hydrodynamic analysis program. Bearing configurations with 10 and 8 foils were identified as having the potential to exceed the performance of the 12-foil GTCP165 APU bearing. A total of six bearing configurations were tested, two ambient temperature configurations using Teflon-S coated foils with a chrome-plated journal, and four with high-temperature foil and journal coatings. The high-temperature bearings used foil coatings Kaman DES, Kaman DES + au, Co-20 Ni, and TiC, all of which were run with a Kaman SCA-coated journal. Program goals were met with both ambient-temperature bearing configurations and Kaman SCA versus Kaman DES and TiC high-temperature configurations.

Metal-porcelain dental restoration and method of making

Abstract: A baked metal-porcelain dental restoration is provided, including a method of making same. The restoration includes a substrate formed from a non-cast thin metal foil having a textured exterior surface onto which a dental porcelain jacket is directly bonded without any intermediate interface compositions. The exterior of the porcelain jacket may be configured as necessary to provide a desired occlusal surface. The dental restoration is made by providing a support post with a configuration that corresponds to the shape of a tooth base in a patient's mouth. The support post is coated with a thin spacing layer. A thin metal foil is swaged around the coated support post to substantially conform to the shape of the post. The exterior of the foil substrate is textured and porcelain powder is applied thereto without the use of any intermediate interface composition between the foil and powder. The metal substrate and applied powder are baked to bond the porcelain directly to the metal foil. The porcelain exterior is then finished as prescribed to provide the desired occlusal relationship with other teeth.