Showing papers on "Government published in 1993"

Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy

Abstract: The conditions associated with the existence and stability of democratic society have been a leading concern of political philosophy. In this paper the problem is attacked from a sociological and behavioral standpoint, by presenting a number of hypotheses concerning some social requisites for democracy, and by discussing some of the data available to test these hypotheses. In its concern with conditions—values, social institutions, historical events—external to the political system itself which sustain different general types of political systems, the paper moves outside the generally recognized province of political sociology. This growing field has dealt largely with the internal analysis of organizations with political goals, or with the determinants of action within various political institutions, such as parties, government agencies, or the electoral process. It has in the main left to the political philosopher the larger concern with the relations of the total political system to society as a whole.

National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: This anthology examines national systems of technical innovation An introductory chapter provides an overview of the principal topics in current discussion of industrial and technology policy Innovation is defined as the processes by which firms master and put into practice product designs and manufacturing processes that are new to them A wide range of factors, organizations, and policies influence the capabilities of a nation's firms to innovate Technology and pure science are distinguished, and the social institutions that play a role in innovation are examined These include industrial and government research laboratories, research universities, and industrial policy agencies These institutions provide the core for the analyses of national innovation systems Individual chapters are devoted to six large high-income countries (France, Italy, Japan, the US, the UK, and West Germany), four smaller high-income countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, and Sweden), and five lower income countries (Argentina, Brazil, Israel, Korea, and Taiwan) Each chapter is a detailed description of each country's structure and behavior in the development of product and process technologies, and catalogues the innovation strategies of each country, covering topics including historical analysis of technological development, breakdown of industries, and investigation of these institutions in terms of R&D expenditures and their influence Differences in the innovative patterns include size and resource endowments, national security considerations, and historical and social beliefs Factors leading to effective innovative performance include strong core competencies, high-quality education and training, and stable and facilitative economic and trade policies A final retrospective chapter compares and contrasts the various innovation systems It assesses whether identifying an innovation system is useful, considers whether national institutions matter when commerce and technology are becoming transnational, and reflects on the future of national systems in such a world (TNM)

An investigation of the Therac-25 accidents

Abstract: Between June 1985 and January 1987, the Therac-25 medical electron accelerator was involved in six massive radiation overdoses. As a result, several people died and others were seriously injured. A detailed investigation of the factors involved in the software-related overdoses and attempts by users, manufacturers, and government agencies to deal with the accidents is presented. The authors demonstrate the complex nature of accidents and the need to investigate all aspects of system development and operation in order to prevent future accidents. The authors also present some lessons learned in terms of system engineering, software engineering, and government regulation of safety-critical systems containing software components. >

Modern Governance: New Government-Society Interactions

Abstract: Social-Political Governance - Jan Kooiman Introduction PART ONE: CONCEPTUALIZATIONS Governing Failures and the Problem of Governability - Renate Mayntz Some Comments on a Theoretical Paradigm Modes of Governance - Andrew Dunsire Governance and Governability - Jan Kooiman Using Complexity, Dynamics and Diversity PART TWO: PREDICAMENTS Lost Opportunity - Fr[ac]ed[ac]eric Royall The Case of Labour Market Management in the Republic of Ireland Public Policy Planning and the Problem of Governance - Kirsti Stenvall The Question of Education in Finland Women's Emancipation as a Question of Governance - Marijke Prins Actors, Institutions and the Room for Manoeuvre PART THREE: EXPERIENCES The Governance of Data Protection - Charles Raab Environmental Regulation of Business - Martijn van Vliet Options and Constraints for Communicative Governance Public-Private Partnership - Vincent Kouwenhoven A Model for the Management of Public-Private Cooperation Dynamics and Room for Manoeuvre in Governance - Mich[gr]ele Breuillard The Channel Tunnel Decision in France and Britain Governance between Legitimacy and Efficiency - Geert Bouckaert Citizen Participation in the Belgian Fire Services Governance in Interaction - Herman Aquina and Hans Bekke Public Tasks and Private Organisations PART FOUR: PROSPECTS FOR REFORM Public Management from Imitation to Innovation - Les Metcalfe Complexity, Governance and Dynamics - Walter Kickert Conceptual Explorations of Public Network Management Governance and the Problem of Representation in Public Administration - Ky[um]osti Pekonen The Case of Finland Modes of Governance and Administrative Change - Torben Beck J[/]orgensen PART FIVE: EVALUATIONS The Governance of Education - Roger Duclaud-Williams Britain and France Findings, Speculations and Recommendations - Jan Kooiman

The Role of the State in Financial Markets

Abstract: This paper reexamines the role of the state in financial markets and identifies seven major market failures that provide a potential rationale for government intervention. In practice, government interventions in capital markets, even in industrial countries, have been pervasive. The paper provides a taxonomy of those interventions with respect to both the objectives they serve and the instruments they employ. There is a role for the government in financial markets, but the success of government interventions has been mixed. It is important that interventions be well designed. The paper sets out principles for government regulatory interventions and applies them to prudential regulation. It then examines three other areas of intervention - directed credit, finanical repression, and competition policy - and identifies circumstances in which some amount of financial repression may actually be beneficial.

Liberal government and techniques of the self

Abstract: The introduction of the theme of government into Michel Foucault's later work opens up a rich domain of research. Aspects of this theme are considered with reference to Foucault's analysis of early Anglo-Scottish liberalism and more recent forms of neo-liberalism from the point of view of governmental reason. The article focuses on the interconnections between the government of others and techniques of the self in liberal arts of government and suggests some possible implications concerning the ethics of intellectual work.

The New Economics for Industry, Government, Education

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Government, authority and expertise in advanced liberalism

Abstract: This paper outlines Foucault's concept of governmentality and argues for its contemporary significance. It focuses upon the role that liberal modes of government accord to the exercise of authority over individual and collective conduct by expertise. The paper argues that nineteenth-century liberalism as a mode of rule produced a series of problems about the governability of individuals, families and markets and populations. Expertise provided a formula for resolving these problems instantiated in a range of complex and heterogenous ‘machines’ for the government of individual and collective conduct. Over the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries one sees the rise of a new formula for the exercise of rule, which one can call ‘the welfare state’ - within which expertise becomes linked to the formal political apparatus in new ways. the strategies of rule generated under this formula of ‘the welfare state’ have changed fundamentally over the last fifty years. A new formula of rule is taking shape, one...

Institutions for the earth: sources of effective international environmental protection.

Abstract: Global environmental problems have gained prominence since the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment. Analyses underrepresent the institutional dimensions that shape environmental policy processes. Increased government concern enhanced contracts and increased national capacity have been influenced by international environmental institutions. This volume focuses on specific international environmental issues: protection of the ozone layer European acid rain protection of the Baltic and North Seas oil pollution of the oceans international fisheries management pesticide use in developing countries national population institutions and effective international environmental institutions. The case studies illustrate three distinct functions of international environmental institutions: 1) to enhance the ability to make and keep agreements 2) to promote concern among governments and 3) to build national political and administrative capacity. The obstacles to effective government response to commons and national environmental problems have been low levels of concern about environmental threats lack of the capacity to manage environmental threats and the inability to overcome problems of collective action. Institutions can catalyze government concern and influence environmental policy. International environmental institutions can facilitate contracts by ensuring regular interaction between policy makers on the same set of issues providing monitoring and verification services and monitoring violations. Capacity building can be increased through provision of technical assistance and training programs and of networking between international groups and countries with shared resources. The degree of success of international environmental institutions has varied across issues. Government concern about fisheries issues has not increased and the only key change has been the 200 mile national zone regulations in 1977. Contracts have improved for issues of the ozone layer acid rain and Baltic-North Sea pollution. Building state capacity has improved only for developing countries and not developed ones. Small staffed environment-centered coalitions can be successful.

The political logic of economic reform in China

Abstract: Acknowledgments Formal Authority Relations Among Central Communist Party and Government Institutions in the People's Republic of China PART 1. INTRODUCTION 1. The Political Logic of Economic Reform 2. The Prereform Chinese Economy and the Decision to Initiate Market Reforms PART 2. CHINESE POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS 3. Authority Relations: The Communist Party and the Government 4. Leadership Incentives:- Political Succession and Reciprocal Accountability 5. Bargaining Arena: The Government Bureaucracy 6. Who Is Enfranchised in the Policy-making Process? 7. Decision Rules: Delegation by Consensus 8. Chinese Political Institutions and the Path of Economic Reforms PART 3* ECONOMIC REFORM POLICY-MAKING 9. Playing to the Provinces: Fiscal Decentralization and the Politics of Reform 10. Creating Vested Interests in Reform: Industrial Reform Takeoff, 1978-81 11. Leadership Succession and Policy Conflict: The Choice Between Profit Contracting and Substituting Tax-for-Profit, 1982-83 221 12. Building Bureaucratic Consensus: Formulating the Tax-for-Profit Policy, 1983-84 13. The Power of Particularism: Abortive Price Reform and the Revival of Profit Contracting, 1985-88 PART 4* CONCLUSION 14. The Political Lessons of Economic Reform in China Bibliography Index

Sharing Power: Public Governance and Private Markets

Abstract: Reformers from both Left and Right have urged the US Govenment to turn as many functions as possible over to the private sector and to allow market competition to instil efficiency and choice. In fact, the Government has been doing just this for years: every major policy initiative launched since World War II has been managed through public-private partnerships. Yet such privatization has not solved government's problems. Kettl shows that the conditions essential for competitive markets usually do not apply to the kinds of programmes the Government assigns to the private sector. He uses case studies to demonstrate that as market imperfections increase, so do problems in governance and management. Extreme examples are Superfund programme and the Department of Energy's production of nuclear weapons. When competition does not exist, the Government must act as a "smart buyer", knowing what it wants and being able to judge what it has bought. If it does not do so, the Government risks losing its sovereignty to the private suppliers. The author concludes that the issue is not more government bureaucracy, but a smarter bureaucracy, which, in turn, requires strong political leadership to build support for the resources needed and to change the bureaucratic culture.

The rebirth of urban democracy

Abstract: In an era when government seems remote and difficult to approach, participatory democracy may seem a hopelessly romantic notion. Yet nothing is more crucial to the future of American democracy than to develop some way of spurring greater citizen participation. In this important book, Jeffrey Berry, Ken Portney, and Ken Thompson examine cities that have created systems of neighborhood government and incorporated citizens in public policymaking. Through careful research and analysis, the authors find that neighborhood based participation is the key to revitalizing American democracy. The Rebirth of Urban Democracy provides a thorough examination of five cities with strong citizen participation programs--Birmingham, Dayton, Portland, St. Paul, and San Antonio. In each city, the authors explore whether neighborhood associations encourage more people to participate; whether these associations are able to promote policy responsiveness on the art of local governments; and whether participation in these associations increases the capacity of people to take part in government. Finally, the authors outline the steps that can be taken to increase political participation in urban America. Berry, Portney, and Thomson show that citizens in participatory programs are able to get their issues on the public agenda and develop a stronger sense of community, greater trust in government officials, and more confidence in the political system. From a rigorous evaluation of surveys and interviews with thousands of citizens and policymakers, the authors also find that central governments in these cities are highly responsive to their neighborhoods and that less conflict exists among citizens and policymakers. The authors assert that these programs can provide a blueprint for major reform in cities across the country. They outline the components for successful participation programs and offer recommendations for those who want to get involved. They demonstrate that participation systems can influence citizens to become more knowledgeable, more productive, and more confident in government; and can provide more governments with a mechanism for being more responsive in setting priorities and formulating polices that closely approximate the true preferences of the people.

Do Institutions Matter?: Government Capabilities in the United States and Abroad

Abstract: Provides the kind of objective evaluation of political institutions that has too long been missing from the presidential versus parliamentary debate. It is an important read. Perspectives on Political Science.

An Experimental Test Of The Public Goods Crowding-Out Hypothesis

Abstract: This paper presents an experimental test of the proposition that government contributions to public goods, funded by lump-sum taxation, will completely crowd out voluntary contributions. It is found that crowding-out is incomplete and that subjects who are taxed are significantly more cooperative. This is true even though the tax does not affect the Nash equilibrium prediction. This result is taken as evidence for alternative models that assume people experience some private benefit from contributing to public goods. Copyright 1993 by American Economic Association.

The Standard North American Family: SNAF as an Ideological Code

Abstract: This article describes the “Standard North American Family” or SNAF as an ideological code. An ideological code is analogous to a genetic code, reproducing its characteristic forms and order in multiple and various discursive settings. Its operation in two settings is explored. The first is the writer's experience (shared with Alison Griffith) of designing and carrying out a study of the work that women do as mothers in relation to their children's schooling. Although the researchers were committed to feminist methods and to a critical perspective, SNAF reproduced itself in their conceptualization, their interview practices, and in how women responded to them. The second is William Julius Wilson's consideration of the Black family in his study The Truly Disadvantaged. An analysis of his text demonstrates its SNAF-governed order and how its representational credibility is sustained by the SNAF-generated statistics of government agencies such as the U.S. Bureau of Census. It is suggested that such ideologic...

Opening the Window for Reform: Mandates, Crises, and Extraordinary Policy-Making

Abstract: Under what conditions are governments within established democratic political systems willing and able to launch ambitious reform programs? In other words, what conjunctural factors generally serve to open the “window” for reform? The central argument of this article is that extraordinary policy-making generally becomes possible only when a macro-window is opened by a government's achievement of an impressive mandate and/or by the onset of a severe socioeconomic crisis. The mandate-reform hypothesis is tested with data from Britain, France, and the United States, then the significance of both mandates and crises is demonstrated through an analysis of eight “reform government” case studies ranging from the New Deal to Thatcher's Britain.

Citizen Activity: Who Participates? What Do They Say?.

Abstract: We use responses to a large-scale national survey designed to oversample political activists to investigate the extent to which participant publics are representative of the public as a whole. Building upon the finding that while voters differ from nonvoters in their demographic attributes, their attitudes as measured by responses to survey questions are not distinctive, we consider a variety of political acts beyond voting that citizens can use to multiply their political input and to communicate more precise messages to policymakers. In addition, we consider not only respondents' demographic characteristics and policy attitudes but also their circumstances of economic deprivation and dependence upon government programs. Although activists are representative of the public at large in terms of their attitudes, they differ substantially in their demographic attributes, economic needs, and the government benefits they receive. Furthermore, in terms of the issues that animate participation, groups differentiated along these lines bring very different policy concerns to their activity.

The Design of Reform Packages Under Uncertainty

Abstract: We present a model of large-scale economic reforms, modelled on the transition process in Eastern Europe, with aggregate and individual uncertainty concerning the outcome of reforms. The government is assumed to choose the speed and sequencing of reforms. We compare `big bang' strategies with gradualist reform packages. We show that 1) gradualist reform packages may be easier to get started; 2) optimal sequencing of reforms should aim at creating constituencies for further reforms; and 3) gradualism may reduce ex post reversibility of reforms through a strong investment response in cases where the option value of waiting generates a low investment response under `big bang'.

Lay participation in health care decision making: a conceptual framework.

Abstract: Lay participation in health care decision making has attracted increasing interest in Canada, with numerous provincial government reports advocating this initiative. Interest stems from a number of factors. Among them is a growing recognition that patient preferences ought to be incorporated into decision making that involves individual treatment choices. Another factor is the desire to increase public accountability for decisions on the allocation of health care resources, in order to make providers more accountable to the communities they serve. There is, however, still considerable confusion over what lay participation really means. In addition, little consideration has been given to whether and how lay participation can lead to better decision making and the criteria by which it should be judged. This article presents a framework based on decision-making domains, role perspectives, and levels of participation and is intended as an initial step toward providing greater conceptual clarity regarding the key dimensions and goals of lay participation in health care decision making.

Taxonomy-Based Risk Identification

Abstract: : This report describes a method for facilitating the systematic and repeatable identification of risks associated with the development of a software-dependent project. This method, derived from published literature and previous experience in developing software, was tested in active government- funded defense and civilian software development projects for both its usefulness and for improving the method itself. Results of the field tests encouraged the claim that the described method is useful, usable, and efficient. The report concludes with some macro-level lessons learned from the field tests and brief overview of future work in establishing risk management on a firm footing in software development projects.

The Hollow Core: Private Interests in National Policy Making

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments PART I: Introduction The Lawyer and the Heavyweight The Policy Domains Representatives and Their Clients PART II:The Washington Representatives The Organization of Work The Careers of Representatives Ideology, Colleague Networks, and Professional Autonomy PART III: Targets of Representation Contact with Government Institutions The Government officials PART IV: Consensus and Conflict Allies and Adversaries Elite Networks in National Policy Making Participation and Success in Policy Decisions Conclusion Structure and Uncertainty in Private Interest Representation Notes References Index

The Economics of Earnings

Abstract: The Economics of Earnings analyses the wages that people earn, the jobs they do, and the labour market laws and rules within which they operate. Moving away from the conventional emphasis on point-in-time one-period decisions, it stresses informed worker choice over the life-cycle - the human capital approach. Within this framework, the book synthesises research results so as to point the way to better labour market policies. Government policy is often directed towards labour market issues such as education subsidies, training programmes, health and safety laws, and employment protection laws. By using models based on informed worker choice - the supply side - this book will assist concerned individuals in government, industry and academic study to evaluate and improve labour market policies and practices.

Issues in democratic consolidation : the new South American democracies in comparative perspective

Abstract: Since 1974 there has been an unprecedented wave of democratization in the world. This trend has been particularly extensive in South America. But the problems confronting these new democracies are staggering, and the prospects for building consolidated democratic regimes are far from uniformly good. Focusing primarily on recent South American cases, Issues in Democratic Consolidation examines some of the difficulties of constructing consolidated democracies and provides a critical examination of the major issues involved.A prominent theme running through this collection is that the transitions from authoritative rule to civilian government may be arrested by political, economic, and social constraints. The articles contain analyses of the varied modalities and complex processes related to the transitions. The first transition begins with the initial stirrings of crisis under authoritarian rule that generate some form of political opening and greater respect for basic civil rights, and ends with the establishment of a government elected in an open, competitive contest. The volume's primary focus, however, is on the second transition, which begins with the inauguration of a democratic government and ends-if all goes well-with the establishment of a consolidated democratic regime.

Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech

Abstract: Should state or federal governmental units regulate pornography? Are existing constitutional standards clear enough to create and enforce restrictions on printed materials? In this article the author posits that the federal government should not attempt to curb offensive sexually explicit speech or printed works. However, he argues that the government has the authority to craft regulations addressing narrow issues related to materials combining sex with violence or coercion.

Government by the Market?: The Politics of Public Choice

Abstract: Recent decades have seen the study of politics invaded by economic theories, methods and techniques. This book gives a concise, non- technical account of these 'public choice' theories and examines their influence upon government policies in English-speaking countries. Issues covered include slimming the state, privatising welfare and re- structuring government. Final chapters offer an alternative view of the basis of good government. This book offers a unique survey and critique of the ideas and influence of an important branch of political thought and it links with market theories. It is vital reading for students of both politics and economics.

The Introduction of Computer-based Patient Records in the Netherlands

Abstract: Computer-based patient records, although an area of active research, are not in widespread use. In June 1992, 38% of Dutch general practitioners had introduced computer-based patient records. Of these, 70% had replaced the paper patient record with a computer-based record to retrieve and record clinical data during consultations. Possible reasons for the use of computer-based patient records include the nature of Dutch general practice and the early and active role of professional organizations in recognizing the potential of computer-stored patient records. Professional organizations issued guidelines for information systems in general practice, evaluated available systems, and provided postgraduate training that prepares physicians to use the systems. In addition, professional organizations successfully urged the government to reimburse general practitioners part of the expenses related to the introduction of computer-based patient records. Our experience indicates that physicians are willing and able to integrate information technology in their practices and that professional organizations can play an active role in the introduction of information technology.

The Epidemiological Transition: Policy and Planning Implications for Developing Countries

Abstract: This volume is the product of "a workshop to discuss the changing demographic and epidemiologic profiles of developing countries and responses from the health sector to these changes. The Workshop...was held November 20-22 1991 at the National Academy of Sciences Georgetown facility in Washington D.C. This report includes ten of the papers presented during the workshop....First participants considered the issue of projecting realistic scenarios of the populations and cause-of-death structures of developing countries as well as discussed health over the life course. Second the workshop turned to the mechanisms used to establish priorities in the allocation of health resources in response to the changing demographic and epidemiologic profiles. Particular attention was given to the appropriate use of data in establishing priorities. The third topic was the role of government private medicine and families in providing health services." (EXCERPT)