Showing papers on "Graphics published in 1975"
TL;DR: The key aspects of GALATEA are: the user indicates what features are of interest using an x, y digitizing pen, so that full digital image encoding is avoided and kinetic feedback of the data entered that makes the system efficient.
22 citations
01 Sep 1975
TL;DR: It was concluded that these results are consistent with previous findings suggesting that graphics are more useful for teaching concepts involving time and motion than for concepts involving space, and more usefulfor tasks involving stimulus identification than for tasks involving terminology or comprehension.
Abstract: Abstract : A study was conducted to determine how verbal instruction could be supplemented by visuals, and in particular, how to take pedagogical advantage of the excellent capabilities of the PLATO 4 computer-based instructional system. Literature research disclosed little previous information of value on the subject. Three versions of a lesson on the sine-ratio concept were prepared, one with verbal text supplemented with animated graphics, one supplemented with still graphics, and one without graphics (text only). Forty-five students from the Basic Electrivity/Electronics School at the Naval Training Center (NTC), San Diego, were randomly assigned to the three versions. A comparison of the pretest and posttest mean scores for each group revealed learning took place in each group, and a questionnaire administered after the posttest revealed that the students gave positive ratings to the instructional materials and presentations. The groups did not differ in time required for training. On the posttest, the animated graphics group had the highest mean performance, but none of the differences between groups were significant. It was concluded that these results are consistent with previous findings suggesting that graphics are more useful for teaching concepts involving time and motion than for concepts involving space, and more useful for tasks involving stimulus identification than for tasks involving terminology or comprehension.
17 citations
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The NOMAD (Nonmodular Or Modular Automated Design) system provides computer-aided support for the layout of a wide range of printed wiring board designs and may be used to design both highly irregular nonmodular and more uniform modular printed wiring boards.
Abstract: The NOMAD (Nonmodular Or Modular Automated Design) system provides computer-aided support for the layout of a wide range of printed wiring board designs. The system may be used to design both highly irregular nonmodular and more uniform modular printed wiring boards. The nonmodular boards usually contain numerous discrete and some digital components, whereas the modular varieties are almost entirely digital in nature. In order to guarantee flexibility and control of the layout process, the NOMAD system was implemented on a minicomputer-based interactive graphics terminal. The interactive graphics environment permits the NOMAD user to guide the PWB layout process through steps such as component placement and interconnection routing. Through the use of interactive display techniques and both heuristic and algorithmic computational aids, the user can complete the layout with NOMAD in a considerably shorter time than with alternative methods. Although the focal point of the NOMAD system is at the graphics terminal, telecommunication facilities are utilized to access large compute-bound component placement programs. Aside from the placement, all other design activities, including automatic routing aids, occur at the graphics computer. Once a printed wiring board layout is complete, facilities are available through NOMAD to obtain a full array of design documentation. This documentation includes artmasters for printed wiring board fabrication, an assembly drawing, a stocklist, schematic drawings, and a drill table.The NOMAD system has been operational since April, 1974. Improvements and enhancements are being made continually in an effort to further increase the cost effectiveness of the system.
16 citations
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TL;DR: Although each of the following topics are aspects of a real-time animation environment deserving a detailed explanation, they will be dealt with in a way to introduce to the reader basic requirements and problems.
Abstract: A comprehensive 3-D real-time computer animation system is based upon a broad range of research activities in the field of computer graphics. In many ways the requirements for such a system are more challenging and complex than for other graphics systems. This is particularly true if one builds a language and a system which is truly user oriented and which has viable production capabilities for researchers and film makers. Too often systems which are the result of a research experiment in hardware or software design do not go beyond a beautiful demonstration of potentialities. Such experimentation is essential to advance the state of knowledge but if computer animation is to become a new research and production instrument we must, in addition, provide more examples of useable systems.Although each of the following topics are aspects of a real-time animation environment deserving a detailed explanation, they will be dealt with in a way to introduce to the reader basic requirements and problems. The topics are:I. STATE OF THE ART SYSTEMS, AND LANGUAGES• Used as references and as a basis of comparison.II. AN ANIMATION ENVIRONMENT• Several systems and languages are being implemented to run under RSX-11/D on our PDP-11/45 computer.A. VISIBLE SURFACE SYSTEM• Allan Myers' algorithm• VILAN (VIsual LANguage)B. GRAPHICS SUPPORT SYSTEM• Manfred Knemeyer's system for handling hardware devices, data structures, management of transformations and time, and memory management for the graphics buffer.C. ANIMA• A new graphics programming language has been designed and is being implemented.D. DATA GENERATION SYSTEM• Some approaches to problems are briefly discussed.III. DISPLAY HARDWARE AND GRAPHICS ALGORITHMS• The problems presented by the order of transformations in an algorithm are briefly described.IV. HIGH PERFORMANCE GRAPHICS• some speculations
14 citations
01 Sep 1975
TL;DR: A brief review of the principles of stereoscopy is given followed by a discussion of candidate methods for providing stereoscopic viewing of display data, and a hybrid system would combine good features of both.
Abstract: A brief review of the principles of stereoscopy is given followed by a discussion of candidate methods for providing stereoscopic viewing of display data. An analog computer implementation of a stereoscopic graphics display system is described. The analog implementation provides real-time display capability but has no data storage capability. Implementation with a small digital computer provides data storage but is significantly slower for displaying dynamic changes in the data. Other points of comparison between the two systems are given with the conclusion that a hybrid system would combine good features of both. Experimental evaluation relative to eye fatigue is given for three specific viewing techniques. Example stereograms are given for both the digital and analog systems. Of particular interest was application of the display system for viewing biomedical data, as illustrated by an example display of a vectorcardiogram.
12 citations
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: Picture construction and pattern recognition in ESP is described with emphasis on picture construction and some tests performed with an experimental version of ESP3 will also be discussed.
Abstract: Most graphics languages are composed of a primitive set of commands which allow for the creation and manipulation of graphical objects. These commands are generally at a low level, in that each command causes one operation to be performed. Often the commands are to subroutines embedded in an algorithmic language so that the arithmetic and control features of the higher level language may be used.ESP3 (Extended SNOBOL Picture Pattern Processor) is a new high-level graphics and pattern recognition language. ESP3 was designed in an effort to provide simple, natural, and efficient manipulation of line drawings. ESP3 differs from present graphics languages in the following ways:1) It provides a high-level method for picture construction. The evaluation of a picture expression (analagous to the SNOBOL4 string-valued expression) causes the construction of a picture.2) It provides extensive referencing facilities for naming and accessing points, subpictures, and attributes of pictures.3) It provides predicates for testing attributes of and relationships among pictures and points.4) It provides a means for defining picture patterns that describe classes of line drawings in much the same way that SNOBOL4 patterns describe classes of strings. Picture pattern matching is a built-in facility.ESP3 is based on the premise that structural descriptions are an essential part of both picture construction and pattern recognition. The concept of a structural description of a picture has its origin with the linguistic-approach to pattern recognition. In the linguistic approach, formal grammars are used as a mechanism for picture description. [Kirsch (1964), Narasimhan (1964, 1966,1970), Anderson (1968), Evans (1968), Miller and Shaw (1969), Fu and Swain (1971), Shaw (1970, 1972), Chien and Ribak (1972), Thomason and Gonzalez (1975)]. Stanton (1970) described a graphics language based on linguistic pattern recognition. ESP3 incorporates and extends many ideas from the above work, and includes all of the features of SNOBOL4 to provide a high-level graphics and pattern recognition language. Some suggested applications of ESP3 are the generation of graphical output, AI programs with imaging capabilities, pattern recognition systems, and scene analysis programs.This paper will describe picture construction and pattern recognition in ESP with emphasis on picture construction. Some tests performed with an experimental version of ESP3 will also be discussed. For a more detailed description of ESP3, see Shapiro (1974).
11 citations
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: An intelligent terminal configuration was chosen for this work since it would permit substitution of processing power for costly graphics hardware while allowing for develcpment of communication software for remotability.
Abstract: generally, the processor can be used to enhance the capabilities of the hardware , or to simulate a more expensive terminal. Intelligent Satellite: The primary distinction between this and an intelligent terminal is that there is sufficient processing power so that some of it can be controlled by the application. Whereas the processing in an intelligent terminal is application-independent, here the application programmer either controls which programs are in the satellite, or programs it himself. This means that tasks ranging from complete execution of simple jobs to data structure and picture editing can be accomplished in the satellite. Additional hardware, which generally includes more memory plus some secondary storage, will be required to form an intelligent satellite. An intelligent terminal configuration was chosen for our work since it would permit substitution of processing power for costly graphics hardware while allowing for develcpment of communication software for remotability. Also considered in the selection of a graphics terminal was the base of applications to be supported. These ranged from simple plotting systems through statistical data analysis to major high volume production use application systems for computer aided design. The current configuration consists of a DEC GT40 (8K core) with 1200 bps asynchronous half duplex voicegrade lines to an IBM 370/168 host with IBM's TSS operating system. Although 1200 bps is acceptable for a limited number of applications, especially to new users, it is not sufficient for experienced users of current major applications. We expect that 9600 bps or 19.2 bps (synchronous) will suffice for the latter.
10 citations
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: The design of a new interactive graphics language 'IMAGE' is presented, developed specifically to satisfy the above criteria, and places particular emphasis on providing a graphics application programmer the ability to program graphical interaction.
Abstract: This paper addresses itself to the problems involved in programming an interactive computer graphics display. A list of graphical programming facilities considered necessary for an interactive graphic programming language is presented. An examination of several application programs, written in a variety of existing languages, revealed that many of these facilities are usually lacking.This paper presents the design of a new interactive graphics language 'IMAGE', developed specifically to satisfy the above criteria. The language places particular emphasis on providing a graphics application programmer the ability to program graphical interaction. The 'IMAGE' language utilizes the better features of several current graphic languages and combines these features with a unique interaction control structure. This OBJECT / ACTION control structure, the display picture description syntax and the hardware independent handling of input devices are the main features of the language, providing excellent graphical input response and drawing facilities. The device independent input / output structure permits the implementation of a portable language syntax, since there are no references to display hardware devices. All display references are performed through a virtual terminal. This paper contains a detailed description of the main features of the language and these features are illustrated in an example 'IMAGE' program.
10 citations
TL;DR: The STRUCT system utilizes the flexibility of a powerful graphics display system to provide a set of tools for program analysis that is currently being used to predict and analyze the performance advantages available through the migration of function between levels of software and between software and firmware within the BUGS.
Abstract: The STRUCT system utilizes the flexibility of a powerful graphics display system to provide a set of tools for program analysis. These tools allow the analysis of the static program structure and the dynamic execution behaviour of programs within the entire operating system user program environment of the Brown University Graphics System (BUGS). Information is collected and presented in a manner which fully exploits two aspects of this environment. First, the operating system has been developed in a well-structured hierarchical manner following principles laid down by other researchers. Second the programs under analysis have been written in a structured programming language following coding conventions which make available, at the source code level, valuable program control information. This system is currently being used to predict and analyze the performance advantages available through the migration of function between levels of software and between software and firmware within the BUGS.
9 citations
TL;DR: An interactive system which allows for the graphic construction, simulation, and simultaneous animation of an arbitrary network of queues and an interactive dialogue which makes use of the lightpen and a menu of commands is implemented for the construction and modification of the queuing network.
8 citations
TL;DR: This paper attempts to develop the two essential components for a people-oriented computer system—habitability and environment, using the educational media production laboratory known as the Circle Graphics Habitat as the example.
TL;DR: A graphics display system utilizing recently available 512 line plasma panels interfaced to a DEC PDP-11 computer results in a display system with a rich instruction set as the entire P DP-11 instruction set becomes part of the graphics instruction set.
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: A formalism for logical input devices is presented that opens the way to input device independent graphics systems combined with a high degree of flexibility to study and utilize the psychological differences of logical equivalent physical input devices.
Abstract: A formalism for logical input devices is presented that opens the way to input device independent graphics systems combined with a high degree of flexibility to study and utilize the psychological differences of logical equivalent physical input devices.
25 Jun 1975
TL;DR: An important aspect of a real-time animation/graphics system is the definition and management of time and time-dependent relationships: a correlation between "time in the outside world" and the program parameter considered to be "time" by the system must be established.
Abstract: An important aspect of a real-time animation/graphics system is the definition and management of time and time-dependent relationships: a correlation between "time in the outside world" and the program parameter considered to be "time" by the system must be established, and time-dependent relationships between user-defined objects must be fairly easily specified and possibly subsequently changed.
TL;DR: Techniques which enable fast reduction and display of multiintensity speech spectrograms on low-cost minicomputer systems are described.
Abstract: Interactive graphics processors have recently been included as standard components of several low-cost minicomputer systems. We describe techniques which enable fast reduction and display of multiintensity speech spectrograms on such systems.
01 Jul 1975
TL;DR: The MAPS-1 system, operational since September 1974, and the MINIMAPS system now under development achieve high performance at low cost for real-time interactive image processing, dynamic spatial simulation modeling, and spatial data base management.
Abstract: The greatest effective bandwidth of the eye is for changes in color and texture, so why does computer graphics emphasize line-drawings? Questions such as this brought about the MAPS Project in 1971 for the purpose of developing graphics systems suitable for geographic applications. The MAPS-1 system, operational since September 1974, and the MINIMAPS system now under development achieve high performance at low cost for real-time interactive image processing, dynamic spatial simulation modeling, and spatial data base management. Standard color television is the primary output medium, facilitating communication of dynamic results. MINIMAPS employs a memory-centered architecture in which processing is distributed by function among a series of microprocessors. The picture processor encodes data matrices directly into color images. The system is highly interactive, performing most functions in 1/30 second. Its control language, packaging and environment are designed to encourage users to play with images, using the system as a perception amplifier.
IBM1
TL;DR: This work will study how simple models can be defined using a graphic-based Industrial Dynamics system (Forrester of MIT), then interact with them symbionically to obtain graphs of various manufacturing or sales considerations, and apply graphic analysis techniques to these graphs to produce curves that identify the sensitivities of the analysis.
TL;DR: In this article, a formalism for logical input devices is presented that opens the way to input device independent graphics systems combined with a high degree of flexibility to study and utilize the psychological...
Abstract: A formalism for logical input devices is presented that opens the way to input device independent graphics systems combined with a high degree of flexibility to study and utilize the psychological ...
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: An operating system is described which supports these combined modes through the integration of graphics into the operating system, providing high-level interactive graphics at a relatively low cost.
Abstract: Stand alone graphic systems and time-shared graphics provide different benefits to a user. The same is true of refresh graphics and storage displays. An operating system is described which supports these combined modes through the integration of graphics into the operating system. Realization of the role of the system, generality, and flexibility were the major factors in the development of the system. The result is a computer graphic system providing high-level interactive graphics at a relatively low cost.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: This graphics bibliography covers the two major divisions of passive and interactive computer graphics, which includes graphics applications in such fields as analysis, architecture, computer-aided design, management, medicine, education, editing, manufacturing transportation, science, and others.
Abstract: : This graphics bibliography covers the two major divisions of passive and interactive computer graphics. It includes graphics applications in such fields as analysis, architecture, computer-aided design, management, medicine, education, editing, manufacturing transportation, science, and others. It covers the years 1950 to the present. It contains approximately 1,000 references indexed by author, under the headings of applications, interactive, passive, potpourri, and software.
TL;DR: CARTE is the graphics display program of the LBL Computer Mapping System, producing thematic maps on microfilm at one hundredth the cost of producing negatives by hand.
TL;DR: In this paper a small set of generally available primitive subroutines, and fortran, are used to pragmatically provide a degree of portability for a second level graphics package.
TL;DR: A relatively simple programmable controller is described suitable for graphic data compression while at the same time providing a human operator with a means for steering and drawing within the stereo model formed in certain photogrammetric instruments.
Abstract: A relatively simple programmable controller is described suitable for graphic data compression while at the same time providing a human operator with a means for steering and drawing within the stereo model formed in certain photogrammetric instruments. Lines joining coordinate points, circles, circular and parabolic arcs, and symbols in any orientation require only up to a few bytes of information for their execution. Symbols are preprogrammed into the controller from a telephone-type keyboard.
01 Apr 1975
TL;DR: This paper, together with a film, describes an approach developed at the Computation Center and tested and implemented in three offerings of a Computer Science advanced undergraduate course.
Abstract: The Pennsylvania State University Computation Center is currently performing research and development in providing an effective research and training support environment which enables a user, whether researcher or student, to become familiar with an available base of graphics hardware and software support and to proceed to original programming with confidence and effectiveness.The main consideration is to provide an interactive programming environment in which users can become self-sufficient in coping with both hardware operation and potential as well as effective utilization of software in a reasonably short period of time. Such users should not have to be computer graphics specialists to apply a graphics system to their fields of expertise. Users should be thoroughly trained to understand and handle an available hardware/software system in order to be better able to evaluate the potential system usage directly and effectively.This paper, together with a film, describes an approach developed at the Computation Center and tested and implemented in three offerings of a Computer Science advanced undergraduate course.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: Applications of GFAM to a variety of preliminary design, development design, and project modification programs suggest that interactive flutter analysis using matrix representations is a feasible and cost effective computing tool.
Abstract: An interactive computer graphics system, Graphics Flutter Analysis Methods (GFAM), was developed to complement FAMAS, a matrix-oriented batch computing system, and other computer programs in performing complex numerical calculations using a fully integrated data management system. GFAM has many of the matrix operation capabilities found in FAMAS, but on a smaller scale, and is utilized when the analysis requires a high degree of interaction between the engineer and computer, and schedule constraints exclude the use of batch entry programs. Applications of GFAM to a variety of preliminary design, development design, and project modification programs suggest that interactive flutter analysis using matrix representations is a feasible and cost effective computing tool.
TL;DR: An experimental graphics interface language based on a formal picture description scheme and on precise picture definitions that permits a user to interactively define, edit, combine, transform, display, plot, file, and retrieve pictorial information is described.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The use of graphics is newly entered in the communications arena and is limited only by the producer's imagination and the clarifying skills of the artist.
Abstract: The use of graphics is newly entered in the communications arena and is limited only by the producer's imagination and the clarifying skills of the artist. We described the use of graphics in an occupational health setting, and the basic principles of their development. It is suggested that others using original graphics, or considering their adoption, deposit specimen copies with the Central Symbols Archives.
01 Jan 1975
TL;DR: The computer graphics aspect of the Engineering Design Integration (EDIN) system and its application to design problems were discussed and the recent acquisition of the Adage 330 Graphic Display system has greatly enhanced the potential for interactive computer aided design.
Abstract: The computer graphics aspect of the Engineering Design Integration (EDIN) system and its application to design problems were discussed. Three basic types of computer graphics may be used with the EDIN system for the evaluation of aerospace vehicles preliminary designs: offline graphics systems using vellum-inking or photographic processes, online graphics systems characterized by direct coupled low cost storage tube terminals with limited interactive capabilities, and a minicomputer based refresh terminal offering highly interactive capabilities. The offline line systems are characterized by high quality (resolution better than 0.254 mm) and slow turnaround (one to four days). The online systems are characterized by low cost, instant visualization of the computer results, slow line speed (300 BAUD), poor hard copy, and the early limitations on vector graphic input capabilities. The recent acquisition of the Adage 330 Graphic Display system has greatly enhanced the potential for interactive computer aided design.
TL;DR: A working implementation of a system for performing interactive graphics over a computer network such as the ARPA Network is described and an example of its use is described.
TL;DR: Common data structures in a relatively novel environment are a demonstration of the soundness of these techniques to an interactive graphics situation.