Showing papers on "Human migration published in 2001"
TL;DR: The authors analyzed children's presence and participation in processes of migration and in the constitution of transnational social fields, including economic dependence and growing capacity to contribute labor; varied ways in which the needs and capacities of children of different ages and genders are defined; and their status as persons who are being "raised" and developed toward desired end points.
Abstract: Drawing upon ethnographic research in contemporary California, with case studies of migrants from Mexico, Central America, Korea, and Yemen, we analyze children's presence and participation in processes of migration and in the constitution of transnational social fields. Various facets of child-adult relations enter into children's movement across national borders, including their economic dependence and growing capacity to contribute labor; varied ways in which the needs and capacities of children of different ages and genders are defined; and their status as persons who are being "raised" and "developed" toward desired end points. These dimensions help shape patterns of chain and circulating migration; decisions about leaving children behind and sending for them; and the unusual circumstance of children who take the lead in migration (South Korean "parachute kids" living in suburban Los Angeles). "Sending children back" (or threatening to do so) is a deliberate strategy of child rearing used by transnational families. We consider how children help families stay connected across long distances, as well as the strains, conflicts, and emotional costs that may be involved. Children help constitute and reconfigure transnational social fields, and transnational practices, in turn, shape the contours of particular childhoods.
513 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Perhaps the most important change detected was an acceleration in the rate of return migration during the early 1990s, reflecting the massive legalization of the late 1980s.
Abstract: The AA. examine continuities and changes in the profile of Mexican migration to the United States using data from Mexico's Encuesta Nacional de la Dinamica Demografica, the U.S. Census, and the Mexican Migration Project. The analysis generally yields a picture of stability over time. Mexico-U.S. migration continues to be dominated by the states of Western Mexico, particularly Guanajuato, Jalisco, and Michoacan, and it remains a movement principally of males of labor-force age. As Mexico has urbanized, however, out-migration has come to embrace urban as well as rural workers; and as migrant networks have expanded, the flow has become less selective with respect to education. Perhaps the most important change detected was an acceleration in the rate of return migration during the early 1990s, reflecting the massive legalization of the late 1980s
425 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention, and propose new arenas to policy intervention.
Abstract: The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.
324 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the importance of networks in both the decision to migrate and the level of migration was analyzed using data from a national survey of rural Mexican households, showing that community and family networks are substitutes in assisting migration, suggesting that, once migration is well established in a community, family networks become less important.
Abstract: A household's decision to send migrants is based on infornation it has on the entry costs, expected returns, and risks of migration. Information and assistance flow from both family migrant networks and community migrant networks. Using data from a national survey of rural Mexican households, we show the importance of networks in both the decision to migrate and the level of migration. We find that community and family networks are substitutes in assisting migration, suggesting that, once migration is well established in a community, family networks become less important. In addition, the development of strong community networks erases the role of household characteristics in migration, allowing those initially least favored to also participate in migration. Finally, we show that network density at points of destination in the United States strongly affects where individuals choose to migrate.
270 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a data analysis of the 1987 and 1995 China One Percent Population Sample Surveys to describe patterns of migration during 1982-95, showing that the increasing importance of temporary migration has been attributed to the countrys transition to a marketoriented economy and the continuing legacy of the household migration system.
Abstract: This paper presents a data analysis of the 1987 and 1995 China One Percent Population Sample Surveys to describe patterns of migration during 1982-95. Overall the findings demonstrated the increasing importance of temporary migration since the late 1980s. Such increase in temporary migration is attributed to the countrys transition to a market-oriented economy and the continuing legacy of the household migration system. In this regard increasing migration patterns that involve long distances and the crossing of province boundaries are noted. It is noted that the volume of migration in the country has contributed in the transformation of the agrarian society into a modern industrialized society. In addition it has created social mobility and has challenged the traditional hierarchy of social and economic stratification. Furthermore migration becomes a part of the strategy for survival among rural households. As such the policy implications of the governments policy known as "urbanization from below" that promotes development in rural areas are assessed according to the emerging migration patterns.
225 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used the case of Gujarati Indian migration to New York and London, the life histories of these immigrants illustrate that specific configurations of network ties result in different migration flows and occupational outcomes.
Abstract: Social networks have long been identified as crucial to migration flows and the economic behaviour of immigrants. Much of the literature on international migration and economic sociology specifically focuses on the role of interpersonal ties in influencing migration and economic action, such as finding employment. Using the case of Gujarati Indian migration to New York and London, the life histories of these immigrants illustrate that specific configurations of network ties result in different migration flows and occupational outcomes. These configurations include organizational, composite, and interpersonal ties that link local labour markets transnationally and channel immigrants to particular destinations and into particular occupations. The findings clarify the role and meaning of networks as they affect different types of migration and the occupational outcomes of migrants. The prominence of these network mechanisms also challenges the role of human capital in producing distinct outcomes for immigrants.
142 citations
TL;DR: Kumar et al. as mentioned in this paper report results of the first migration study covering the entire State of Kerala and provide suggestions for policy formulation directed at optimum utilization of remittances sent home by emigrants and the expertise brought back by the return migrants.
Abstract: This article reports results of the first migration study covering the entire State of Kerala. It encompasses both measurement as well as analysis of the various types and facets of migration. Migration has been the single most dynamic factor in an otherwise dreary development scenario in Kerala during the last quarter of the twentieth century. Kerala is approaching the end of the millennium with a little cheer in many people's homes as a result of migration which has contributed more to poverty alleviation than any other factor, including agrarian reforms, trade union activities and social welfare legislation.
The study shows that nearly 1.5 million Keralites now live outside India. They send home more than Rs.4,000 million a year by way of remittances. Three-quarters of a million former emigrants have come back. They live mostly on savings, work experience, and skills acquired while abroad. More than a million families depend on an internal migrant's earnings for subsistence, children's education and other economic requirements.
Whereas the educationally backward Muslims from the Thrissur-Malappuram region provide the backbone of emigration, it is the educationally forward Ezhawas, Nairs and Syrian Christians from the former Travancore-Cochin State who form the core of internal migration.
The article also analyses the determinants and consequences of internal and external migration. It offers suggestions for policy formulation directed at optimum utilization of remittances sent home by emigrants and the expertise brought back by the return migrants.
Migration in Kerala began with demographic expansion, but it will not end up with demographic contraction. Kerala has still to develop into an internally self-sustaining economy. The prevailing cultural milieu in which its people believe that anything can be achieved through agitation, and any rule can be circumvented with proper political connections, must change and be replaced by a liberalized open economy with strict and definite rules of the game.
138 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on three areas: the stage-specific development of transnational movement; the domestic cycle, household decision making, and migration/remittance outcomes; and the changing nature of community participation.
Abstract: Contradictory models of dependency and development have dominated the discussion of migration between Mexico and the United States. Transnational models of migration resolve these contradictions by defining a series of interdependencies (economy and society, for example). Using data collected in a rural Zapotec community in Oaxaca, Mexico, this article focuses on three areas: the stage-specific development of transnational movement; the domestic cycle, household decision making, and migration/remittance outcomes; and the changing nature of community participation. Rooting the discussion in household decision making captures the important role local social variability and economic dynamism play in understanding transnational processes and advancing migration studies. [households, migration, transnationalism, dependency and development, Oaxaca, Mexico]
136 citations
04 May 2001
TL;DR: Wallace et al. as discussed by the authors proposed a new migration space as a buffer zone in Central and Eastern Europe, and proposed the concept of incomplete migration as a new form of mobility.
Abstract: Dedication List of Figures List of Tables Preface Acknowledgements Notes on the Contributors PART I: OVERVIEW Introduction: Patterns of Migration in Central Europe C.Wallace & D.Stola Conceptual Challenges from the New Migration Space C.Wallace The New Migration Space as a Buffer Zone? C.Wallace Two Kinds of Quasi-Migration in the Middle Zone: Central Europe as a Space for Transmit Migration and Mobility for Profit D.Stola Incomplete Migration: A New Form of Mobility in Central and Eastern Europe: The Case of Polish and Ukrainian Migrants M.Okolski Towards a Harmonized Migration and Asylum Regime in Europe A.Nygard & I.Stacher PART II: COUNTRY CHAPTERS Poland: D Stola The Czech Republic D.Drbohlav The Slovak Republic M.Lubyova Hungary E.Sik, A.Hars & J.Toth Migration from Ukraine to Central and Eastern Europe V.Bedzir Appendix 1: Methodology of Surveys Appendix 2: Glossary of Terms Bibliography Index
132 citations
24 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide a state-of-the-art literature review and stimulate discussions around some of the most salient issues concerning the relationship between migration, return, and development, and outline the operational framework and research strategy that will be used to investigate this relationship in an ongoing research project focused on West Africa.
Abstract: This paper provides a state-of-the-art literature review and is intended to stimulate discussions around some of the most salient issues concerning the relationship between migration, return, and development. It outlines the operational framework and research strategy that will be used to investigate this relationship in an ongoing research project focused on West Africa.
The report first presents an overview of the contemporary trends in international migration, or more precisely intercontinental migration, regarding this geographical region. It then discusses the consequences that such migrations can have on domestic labour markets, the effects of migrant remittances, and the brain drain phenomenon. The return of migrants is addressed in a seperate section because this part of the migration process deserves special attention if a better understanding of the migration-development linkage is sought. The developmental impacts of potential capital transfers occurring with return, and particularly the transfer of financial, human, and social capital, are discussed in the subsequent section. Finally, the last section of this paper presents elements for a meso-level approach to study these issues in order to achieve an improved understanding of the highly complex relationship between international migration, return, and development.
90 citations
Posted Content•
TL;DR: This paper reviewed the possible effects of high-skilled international migration, and the major research and policy questions that need answering, and identified the major challenges that need to be addressed in high skilled migration.
Abstract: Highly-skilled migrants are becoming a more important part of the world economy and of policy debates in a diverse set of countries. The proliferation of skills around the world, increases in world trade, the growth of R&D, and the general increase in the labor market demand for diverse sets of skills, have all contributed to the emergence of high-skilled migration as a major issue. High-skilled migration is often discussed in narrow terms of "brain drain/brain gain", when both the pattern of migration and its effects appear to be much more complex. However, our understanding of the effects of high skilled migration is much less than for international migration in general, and is based upon much less research and data. This paper reviews the possible effects of high skilled international migration, and the major research and policy questions that need answering.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention, and propose new arenas to policy intervention.
Abstract: The movement of labor out of agriculture is a universal concomitant of economic modernization and growth. Traditional migration models overlook many potential interactions between migration and development. Given imperfect markets characterizing most migrant-sending areas, migration and remittances can have far-reaching impacts, both positive and negative, on incomes and production in agricultural households. Linkages through product and factor markets transmit impacts of migration from migrant-sending households to others inside and outside the rural economy. Recent theoretical and empirical studies reveal the complexity of migration determinants and impacts in rural economies, and they point to new arenas for policy intervention.
TL;DR: Solimano et al. as discussed by the authors examined the potential of international migration to reduce global economic inequality, improve the allocation of world resources, and ease labor shortages during periods of rapid growth and found that international migration can have a positive effect on long-run growth in receiving countries by keeping labor costs down, increasing the profitability of investment, and raising national savings.
Abstract: Global capitalism, vintage 21st century, is less friendly to the international migration of unskilled people than were previous waves of globalization (such as that of the late 19th century). A freer regime for international migration could help to reduce global economic inequality, improve the allocation of world resources, and ease labor shortages during periods of rapid growth. But the flight of human capital, talent, and entrepreneurs can be detrimental for developing countries. Global capitalism, vintage early 21st century, favors the movement of goods and capital across national borders more than it does the movement of people. It was not always this way. The first wave of globalization, in the second half of the 19th century and the early 20th, came with massive international migration. Around 60 million people migrated from Europe to the countries of the New World (Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, and the United States) over a period of 40 years or so. In a sense, current globalization has a smaller degree of "cosmopolitan liberalism" in the dimension of international migration. While there is consensus on the benefits of an open trade regime and relatively liberal capital movements, that consensus rarely extends to the free movement of people. Solimano examines this difference in the "freedom to become global" by looking at both standard trade theory, basically the Mundell theorem of trade and migration as substitutes, and the ensuing analytical developments and empirical evidence around the Mundell result. He then looks at this asymmetry in today's global economic order from the perspective of freedom, individual rights, and transnational citizenship, as well as the potential of international migration to reduce global inequality. Preventing factor (labor or human capital) movements from lower- to higher-productivity activities (countries) may entail a global welfare loss in terms of forgone world output (although the distributive consequences for sending and receiving countries vary). International migration tends to reduce income disparities across countries. But it can increase inequality within labor-scarce receiving countries by moderating the growth of wages, because of the associated increase in the supply of labor. In contrast, in sending countries emigration can have an equalizing effect by reducing the supply of labor and raising wages. Still, international migration is bound to have a positive effect on long-run growth in receiving countries by keeping labor costs down, increasing the profitability of investment, and raising national savings. For sending countries, the impact on growth depends on the pool of labor and human resources that emigrate. In labor-abundant developing countries with chronic unemployment (or labor surplus), the growth-depressing effects of emigration can be small (compensated in part by labor remittances). Nevertheless, the emigration of highly educated people, professionals, and national investors can have a detrimental effect on long-run income levels and growth rates for sending countries. From a global perspective, however, world output would be expected to increase if people could freely move across the planet from areas of low labor productivity to areas of high labor productivity. From the viewpoint of global economic freedoms, the result would be equally positive. This paper - a product of Macroeconomics and Growth, Development Research Group - is part of a larger effort in the group to study the process of globalization and its links with economic development. The author may be contacted at asolimano@eclac.cl.
[...]
TL;DR: This article reviewed the leading models that have been developed to theorize five facts of human migration: the structural forces that promote "out-migration" from sending regions; the structural factors that attract "in-migrants" to receiving societies; the motivations, goals, and aspirations of people who respond to these structural forces by becoming migrants; the social and economic structures that arise to connect areas of out-and in-immigration; and the actions taken by states to influence the number and characteristics of immigrants.
Abstract: Theorists in a variety of disciplines have offered theoretical explanations for human migration. This article reviews the leading models that have been developed to theorize five facts of human migration: the structural forces that promote ‘out-migration’ from sending regions; the structural forces that attract ‘in-migrants’ to receiving societies; the motivations, goals, and aspirations of people who respond to these structural forces by becoming migrants; the social and economic structures that arise to connect areas of out- and in-migration; and the actions taken by states to influence the number and characteristics of immigrants. These models include neoclassical economics, the new economics of labor migration, segmented labor-market theory, social capital, cumulative causation, world-systems theory, and securitization theory.
TL;DR: In this article, why does South Africa need a spatial policy? Population migration, infrastructure and development, and why South Africa needs a spatial policy for infrastructure and population migration in South Africa.
Abstract: (2001). Why Does South Africa Need a Spatial Policy? Population Migration, Infrastructure and Development. Journal of Contemporary African Studies: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 111-127.
TL;DR: The United Nations Population Division published a 143-page booklet entitled, Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations? Five projections were developed for eight countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian federation as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: This article is a synopsis of a UN study, with emphasis on Italy and the United States. In March, 2000, the United Nations Population Division published a 143-page booklet entitled, Replacement Migration: Is It a Solution to Declining and Aging Populations? Five projections were developed for eight countries: France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea, Russian federation. United Kingdom and United States, and also for Europe and the European Union ; i.e., current projections, current projections with zero immigration, migration required to offset projected population declines, migration required to offset projected declines of working age population (16–64 years), and migration required to prevent any decline in the ratio of the working age population to the old age population (65 years or older). Key findings: demographic shrinking and aging will be accompanied by economic, social and cultural disruptions that can only partially be offset by immigration.
TL;DR: The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new “international migration regime” that incorporates all types of migration.
Abstract: Policies on international migration since the Second World War reflect the enormous changes in economic, social and political situations around the world.
The implications of changes in the volume and composition of international migration have increasingly become an issue of major concern to governments in all countries.
Following emigration from Europe to countries of the New World as a result of war-damaged economies, reconstruction witnessed high demand for migrant labour, mainly from parts of southern Europe. But by the early 1970s, decline in economic growth, unexpected impacts of the guest-worker scheme, and an increase in refugees from Third World countries led, in due course, to an era of restriction on entry of asylum-seekers and tighter controls over undocumented migration to developed countries.
A “new era” evolved during the 1990s, characterized by growing interdependence of major economic powers. Globalization led not only to a significant demand for highly-skilled and professional workers, but also to decision-making on some aspects of the migration process being transferred from the national to the regional level, and an increase in the influence of multinational corporations.
The globalization process, and the growing influence of international trade regimes, may well represent the first steps towards a new “international migration regime” that incorporates all types of migration.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors outline major migration configurations in the region and the role of two vibrant subregional organizations (ECOWAS and SADC) in facilitating containing or curtailing intra-regional migration which takes place within diverse political economic social and ethnic contexts.
Abstract: Africa is a region of diverse migration circuits relating to origin destination and transit for labor migrants undocumented migrants refugees and brain circulation of professionals. This article outlines major migration configurations in the region and the role of two vibrant subregional organizations--Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) and South African Development Community (SADC)--in facilitating containing or curtailing intra-regional migration which takes place within diverse political economic social and ethnic contexts; the transformation of brain drain into brain circulation; and commercial migration in place of labor migration within the region. Despite overlapping membership wavering political support a poor transportation network border disputes and expulsions these subregional organizations are crucial for the regions collective integration into the global economy and to enhance economic growth and facilitate labor intraregional migration. Free movement of person without visa adoption of ECOWAS travelers checks and passports the creation of a borderless Community; and the granting of voting rights and later citizenship and residence permits by South Africa to migrant workers from SADC countries are positive developments. These organizations need to foster cooperation between labor-exporting and recipient countries implement the protocols on the right of residence and establishment; promote dialogue and cooperation in order to harmonize coordinate and integrate their migration policies as envisioned by the 1991 Abuja Treaty establishing the African Economic Community. (authors)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between economic development and migration by taking into consideration the degrees of economic development that form thresholds for migration and examined patterns of the development-migration relationship.
Abstract: The root causes of international migration have been the subject of many studies a vast majority of which are based on development theories dominated by economy-oriented perspectives. An underlying assumption is that poverty breeds migration. The results and the conclusions drawn from these studies differ widely. For instance whether emigration increases when poverty becomes more extreme or less extreme or why it reaches certain levels are issues on which research still offers a mixed answer. This article investigates the relationship between economic development and migration by taking into consideration the degrees of economic development that form thresholds for migration. It focuses on recent evidence on the development-emigration relationship in Turkey which reflects a dimension of the dynamics and mechanisms facilitating or restricting migratory flows from the country. Using data from the 1995 District-level Socioeconomic Development Index of Turkey and the 1990 Census the principal aim of the article is to provide an analytical base which identifies degrees of local level of development in Turkey relate these to international migration flows and examine patterns of the development-migration relationship. (authors)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply discrete-time event-history methods to longitudinal, nominative household register data from six northeast Chinese state farm systems to compare how characteristics of the farm system, village, and household influenced the chances of legal moves and illegal departures.
Abstract: Though internal migration in China during the Qing era (1644–1911) was mostly unrestricted, the government tightly controlled the movement of peasants who worked state lands in frontier regions and certain other locations. Such peasants accounted for 5–10% of China's population. In the state farms of northeast China, households could move legally only from one place to another within the system. Departure from the system was illegal. In this article, one of the first quantitative studies of migration in late imperial China, we apply discrete-time event-history methods to longitudinal, nominative household register data from six northeast Chinese state farm systems to compare how characteristics of the farm system, village, and household influenced the chances of legal moves and illegal departures. We show that among these state peasants, who were supposedly “unfree,” migration was not uncommon. We also show that the determinants of legal and illegal migration differed substantially. We conclude with a dis...
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed comparison of international migration flows is seriously hindered by a complexity of different national registration systems, and different countries display differences with regard to type and history of migration, country of origin, size of migration flows and immigrant populations.
Abstract: Member States of the European Union (EU) have undoubtedly changed into de facto countries of immigration. Since the upswing in migration in the late 1980s, net migration for the 15 EU Member States together has not been below 500,000. This article first focuses on trends in international migration (such as migration from former colonies, recruitment of temporary workers, and East-West migration) and special groups of immigrants (such as ethnic Germans, asylum seekers, and clandestine migrants). The second part of the article pays attention to immigrant settlement and migration policies, especially focusing on the European Union (trafficking and smuggling of humans, and the integration of migrants on the labour market). Detailed comparison of international migration flows is seriously hindered by a complexity of different national registration systems, and different countries display differences with regard to type and history of migration, country of origin, size of migration flows and immigrant populations.
Book•
01 Jan 2001
TL;DR: In this article, women migrants as global and local agents: new research strategies on gender and migration Christiane Harzig 3. Leaving home to help the family? Male and female temporary migrants in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Spain Carmen Saras 4. Labour migration, family and community in early modern Japan Mary Louise Nagata 5. Nowhere at home? Female migrants in the nineteenth century Habsburg monarchy Sylvia Hahn 7. Wives or workers? Single British female migration to colonial Australia Jan Gothard 9.
Abstract: 1. Introduction: gender and the experience of migration Pamela Sharpe 2. Women migrants as global and local agents: new research strategies on gender and migration Christiane Harzig 3. Leaving home to help the family? Male and female temporary migrants in eighteenth and nineteenth-century Spain Carmen Saras 4. Labour migration, family and community in early modern Japan Mary Louise Nagata 5. Women and long distance trade migration in the nineteenth-century Netherlands Marlou Schrover 6. Nowhere at home? Female migrants in the nineteenth-century Habsburg monarchy Sylvia Hahn 7. Gender, family, work and migration in early nineteenth-century Scotland David Tidswell 8. Wives or workers? Single British female migration to colonial Australia Jan Gothard 9. A historical perspective on female migrants: motivations and strategies of nineteenth-century hessians Simone Wegge 10. When the migrants are men Italy's women and transnationalism as a working-class way of life Donna Gabaccia 11. Gender and twentieth-century Irish migration 1921-71 Enda Delaney 12. Maids on the move: images of femininity and European women's labour migration during the inter-war years Barbara Henkes 13. Female migration and the farm family economy in inter-war Japan Janet Hunter 14. Migrancy, marriage and family in the Ciskei reserve of South Africa 1945-1959 Anne Mager 15. Women and migrants: continuity and change in patterns of female migration in Latin America Paulina de los Reyes
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the magnitude and determinants of migration from east to west (Europe) following the collapse of communism, and from south (Africa) to north (Europe).
Abstract: This article examines the magnitude and determinants of migration from east to west (Europe) following the collapse of communism, and from south (Africa) to north (Europe).
Special attention is given to assessing numbers and characteristics (including illegal) of the flows, and also to reasons for and success of bilateral agreements and cooperative projects by the governments of Italy and Spain designed to check and control the flows.
Notwithstanding tighter controls on visas for Third World nationals, migration to western Europe does not seem to have abated. In Italy, illegal migration from the east (Albania in particular) is connected, directly or indirectly, with the criminal underworld.
The inventory of legal texts and agreement protocols between Spain and Morocco designed to resolve many issues relating to migration, reflect long-standing relations between the two countries. Political and economic relations between Italy and Albania, on the other hand, have developed only within the framework of recent policies.
While the presence of Moroccans in Spain and Albanians in Italy is not yet demographically significant, the authors predict that, in the absence of further appropriate political and economic measures, numbers will increase.
TL;DR: In this article, several dimensions of migration from China into bordering areas of the Russian Far East (primarily Primorskiy Kray) are subjected to critical assessment: scale of migration economic impacts (for migrants and host regions) attitudes of the host-region population and regional security implications.
Abstract: Several dimensions of migration from China into bordering areas of the Russian Far East (primarily Primorskiy Kray) are subjected to critical assessment: scale of migration economic impacts (for migrants and host regions) attitudes of the host-region population and regional security implications. The analysis suggests that the Russian Far East generally has limited economic attraction for Chinese migrants despite the importance of migration for cross-border relations and trade. The study is based on data from Russian statistical border and migration services; extensive interviews and on-site observations; review of regional newspapers; and a large (N= 1010) opinion survey of the local population. (authors)
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that regional economic characteristics are influencing migration flows, and gender and level of urbanity also affect the process of internal migration in post-Soviet Russia.
Abstract: Internal migration in post-Soviet Russia accounts for 80 per cent of all migration, involving millions of individuals a year. With the fall of communism, the Russian state has withdrawn from the regulation of internal migration, and the right to migrate freely is now an uncontested freedom. For most of the 1990s, the Russian countryside has been a net recipient of migrants, reversing a decades-long trend of rural out-migration. Regional patterns of migration have changed, as the Russian Far East and the north are now experiencing significant outflows. Statistical evidence shows that regional economic characteristics are influencing migration flows. Finally, gender and level of urbanity also affect the process of internal migration.
01 Apr 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the structure of internal migration and population change in Sweden in recent decades, focussing on the years 1988 and 1998 to capture change in the last decade.
Abstract: This paper describes the structure of internal migration and population change in Sweden in recent decades, focussing on the years 1988 and 1998 to capture change in the last decade.
Up to the 1970s and again in the early 1990s natural increase play an important role in regional population dynamics. In the late 1990s growing international migration, decreasing fertility and strong net internal migration into large cities increased the importance of migration at both national and local levels. In 1988 migration flows contributed to a pattern of relatively even deconcentration of population. Urban centres and surrounding communities experienced mixed patterns of growth. The pattern observed in 1998 was entirely different. It showed a strong movement up the urban hierarchy. Rural and remote areas, especially those in Norrland, depopulated. In 1998 migrants moved from low-density areas to high-density. High density areas had much higher population gains than low density over the 1988–1998 period.
There is a difference in migration pattern between the north of the country, which mostly loses population and the central and southern parts, which mostly gain people. The pattern of migration of the Swedish population is, to large extent, related to the level of unemployment. Low unemployment areas attract migrants; high unemployment areas lose them. However, the level of unemployment cannot be considered in isolation, because the level of unemployment is correlated with the level of urbanisation and with type of regional economy. Areas with an educated population have a very strong attraction for migrants. A high level of education is indispensable for high level services, including tertiary education, and for high technology enterprises, which attract migrants. Young people migrate to metropolitan areas and university towns out of the other types of municipality. Medium sized municipalities attract families. Outflows from industrial regions and Inner Norrland municipalities are visible in all age groups. Metropolitan areas are gaining popularity among families. The elderly population migrates to university and medium size municipalities.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In order to collect information on the different flows of migration in Kerala India extensive household interviews were conducted as discussed by the authors, where household interview schedule contained questions on return emigrants and returned out-emigrants as well as on emigration and out-migration.
Abstract: In order to collect information on the different flows of migration in Kerala India extensive household interviews were conducted The household interview schedule contained questions on return emigrants and returned out-emigrants as well as on emigrants and out-migrants The number of migrants is estimated by ratio method providing data on migration prevalence household migration rate as well as a Taluk-wise analysis A discussion on emigration (emigration trend destination of the emigrants and district-wise analysis) and return migration (destination of return out-migrants return emigrants and net emigration trend) is also included Moreover the determinants of migration from Kerala are analyzed under various categories and at various levels The causes highlighted include push and pull factors demographic factors economic factors stagnation in agriculture as a factor ownership of land employment and occupation status as determinant and community as a determinant
TL;DR: The United Nations Population Division of the United Nations issued a report in 1999 on using migration to counteract the effects of low fertility on population size and ageing as mentioned in this paper and concluded that substituting migration for low fertility requires politically insupportable levels of migration.
Abstract: The Population Division of the United Nations issued a report in 1999 on using migration to counteract the effects of low fertility on population size and ageing. The report looked at eight industrial countries and two regions, Europe and the European Union. Using population projections, the analysts estimated the amount of migration necessary to maintain both labour forces and the ratios of workers to retirees at a constant level.
This article agrees with the report that substituting migration for low fertility requires politically insupportable levels of migration. The article also concludes that the labour force and retirement financing outlook is not as dire as the UN report insinuates.