Showing papers on "Iodide published in 1985"
Patent•
02 May 1985TL;DR: In this article, an alcohol such as methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid reaction medium containing a rhodium catalyst stabilized with an iodide salt, especially lithium iodide, along with alkyl iodide such as methyl iodide.
Abstract: An alcohol such as methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide in a liquid reaction medium containing a rhodium catalyst stabilized with an iodide salt, especially lithium iodide, along with alkyl iodide such as methyl iodide and alkyl acetate such as methyl acetate in specified proportions. With a finite concentration of water in the reaction medium the product is the carboxylic acid instead of, for example, the anhydride. The present reaction system not only provides an acid product of unusually low water content at unexpectedly favorable reaction rates but also, whether the water content is low or, as in the case of prior-art acetic acid technology, relatively high, is characterized by unexpectedly high catalyst stability; i.e., it is resistant to catalyst precipitation out of the reaction medium.
330 citations
TL;DR: Chitosan was N-permethylated by reaction with formaldehyde and sodium borohydride under controlled conditions (pH 4·0, 15°C, reaction times 12 and 8 h, respectively).
143 citations
Patent•
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TL;DR: In this article, an electro-optical device containing an electrochromic material layer and electrolytic solution interposed between mutually opposed base plates, each having an electrode on the surface thereof, is presented.
Abstract: An electro-optical device containing an electrochromic material layer and electrolytic solution interposed between mutually opposed base plates, each having an electrode on the surface thereof, wherein said electrolytic solution consists essentially of (a) an iodide source material as a redox reaction promoter selected from the group consisting of metal iodides and ammonium iodides, and (b) a lactone solvent capable of dissolving the redox reaction promoter, with the proviso that when the iodide ion source material is not also a metal cation source, a cation source material capable of generating H+ or Li+ is further added.
111 citations
93 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 2-Carboethoxyethylzinc iodide and 3-carboethoxylzinc ion iodide are generated by the reaction of corresponding iodoesters with Zn-Cu couple and utilized for the palladium catalyzed coupling reaction with acid chloride to quantitatively provide gamma-and delta- keto esters, respectively.
92 citations
Patent•
07 Mar 1985TL;DR: In this article, a method for removing iodide compounds from a non-aqueous organic medium, such as acetic acid, was proposed, where the medium is contacted with a macroreticulated strong acid cation exchange resin which is stable in the organic medium and has at least one percent of its active sites converted to the silver or mercury form.
Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing iodide compounds from a non-aqueous organic medium, such as acetic acid. The medium is contacted with a macroreticulated strong-acid cation exchange resin which is stable in the organic medium and has at least one percent of its active sites converted to the silver or mercury form.
80 citations
TL;DR: The frequency of oscillation of a piezoelectric quartz crystal immersed in solution changes with the temperature of the solution and with the ambient temperature of an oscillator, especially where the latter is transistorized as discussed by the authors.
78 citations
TL;DR: The distribution and speciation of iodate and iodide in waters overlying and in the Orca Basin, Gulf of Mexico, which contains hypersaline, anoxic and yet non-sulfide-bearing brine have been determined as discussed by the authors.
71 citations
70 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the unstable oxidation states of iodine have been investigated using pulse radiolysis, and the absorbing species is the dinuclear iodine species IVIIIVIII with λmax= 525 nm.
Abstract: The unstable oxidation states of iodine have been investigated using pulse radiolysis.IIV is generated by one-electron reduction of IO–3 with e–eq, CO–2 and (CH3)2CO–; in the pH range 3–14 it exists as HIO–3 and IO2–3 with pKa= 13.3. IIV reacts rapidly with itself, (CH3)2ĊOH and CH2(CH3)2COH.IVI is generated by one-electron oxidation of IO3– or one-electron reduction of IVII. At pH 13 both methods produce species having similar spectra (λmax= 350 nm) where the oxidant is O–. At pH < 9 the spectrum of IVI formed by reduction is little changed, but that produced by oxidation of IO–3 by OH is extremely weak, showing that these species are dissimilar. In the presence of IVII, IVI decays by first-order kinetics at pH 6.3–9 and oxidises IVII to IVIII; at pH 13 it decays by second-order kinetics and does not oxidise IVII. At pH < 9 IVI also decays to form OH in an acid-catalysed reaction. A mechanism is proposed which accounts for these observations.IVIII results from oxidation of IVII by OH and IVI. Optical data show that the absorbing species is the dinuclear iodine species IVIIIVIII with λmax= 525 nm. The kinetics of formation of IVIII are pseudo-first order but show a complex dependence on [IVII]. A mechanism is presented which describes the data.The spectrum of IO is obtained by oxidation of IO– with O– at pH 13. It absorbs with λmax= 490 nm and Iµmax= 2.1 × 103 dm3 mol–1 cm–1; it decays by reaction with itself and I2– at diffusion-controlled rates.Hypoiodous acid is shown to be a significant product of the radiolysis of unbuffered dilute solutions of I– saturated with N2O. Under these conditions HOI decays slowly by second-order kinetics with k= 5.5 ± 1 dm3 mol–1 s–1. It is much less stable in solutions containing OH– or borate, where k=(5.6±1.2)+ 104[OH–] dm3 mol–1 s–1 and (7.2±3.3)+ 2.2 × 103[borate] dm3 mol–1 s–1, respectively.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this article, 3,5-disubstituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles 2 were obtained by reaction of thioamides 1 with DMSO in the presence of such an electrophilic reagent as 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide, benzoyl chloride, acetyl chloride, hydrochloric acid, or trimethylsilyl chloride in organic solvents at room temperature in high yields.
Abstract: 3,5-Disubstituted 1,2,4-thiadiazoles 2 were prepared by reaction of thioamides 1 with DMSO in the presence of such an electrophilic reagent as 1-methyl-2-chloropyridinium iodide, benzoyl chloride, acetyl chloride, hydrochloric acid, or trimethylsilyl chloride in organic solvents at room temperature in high yields. Thiadiazoles 2 were also obtained by reaction of 1 with NBS at room temperature in high yields. Thioamide S-oxides reacted with electrophilic reagents at room temperature to give the corresponding thiadiazoles 2 in high yields.
TL;DR: In this paper, a substitution of substituted styrenes by nitryl iodide, followed by treatment of the product with triethylamine, gives β-nitrostyrenes in good yield.
TL;DR: In this article, a process has been investigated in which hydrogen sulfide is converted to elemental hydrogen and sulfur by an electrochemical method in strongly basic solution, in the sense that iodate is generated electrochemically (in strongly basic iodide solution) and rapidly disproportionates to yield iodate, which is then reacted with sulfide to yield elemental sulfur.
TL;DR: Trimethylene carbonate was readily obtained in the reaction of oxetane and carbon dioxide in the presence of tetraphenylstibonium iodide.
TL;DR: In this article, cyclohexanol was oxidised to cycloenanone in the presence of iodine and potassium iodide in a two-layer solution composed of cycloenanol and an aqueous solution on Pt-SPE prepared by an electroless deposition method of platinum on both surfaces of Nafion 415.
TL;DR: The HPLC procedure was successfully employed to demonstrate that dimethylselenocysteineselenonium iodide and Se-methylselenomethionineselentine iodide are extensively metabolized when administered to rats, and that trimethylselinonium ion is a major urinary metabolite of both compounds.
TL;DR: Aqueuous solutions of copper(I) iodide, potassium iodide and the crown ether from unexpectedly different and novel structure: [Cu4I6][Cu8I13]K7(12crown-4)6 with two different clusters per asymmetric, unit and polymeric modifications as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Aqueuous solutions of copper(I) iodide, potassium iodide, and the crown ether from unexpectedly different and novel structure: [Cu4I6][Cu8I13]K7(12-crown-4)6 with two different clusters per asymmetric, unit and polymeric modifications, [Cu4I6]K2(15-crown-5)2, and [Cu3I4]K(dibenzo-24-crown-8) depending upon identity of the crown ether.
TL;DR: The association constants of α, β and γ-cyclodextrin complexes involving iodide, tri-iodide, and iodine species were measured by potentiometry and the equilibrium potential variations of a platinum electrode were obtained versus the cyclodextrine concentration in a solution containing iodide.
TL;DR: Several compounds showed high activity as inhibitors in rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction, and 2-alkynyl-adenosines (3d, f) are much more potent than disodium cromoglycate (DSCG).
Abstract: Reaction of 2-iodoadenosine (2) with terminal alkynes in the presence of bis (triphenylphosphine) palladium dichloride and cuprous iodide in triethylamine and N, N, -dimethylformamide gave 2-alkynyl-adenosines (3a-h) in excellent yields. Several compounds showed high activity as inhibitors in rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) reaction. Among them, 2-(3-hydroxypropynyl)- and 2-(3-hydroxybutynyl)-adenosines (3d, f) are much more potent than disodium cromoglycate (DSCG).
TL;DR: Organocopper compounds, prepared from Grignard reagents and copper(I) iodide in tetrahydrofuran-dimethyl sulphide, react with 2,3-O-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde highly stereoselectively (>10:1) affording the rarely obtained syn-addition products which can be readily converted into optically active epoxy alcohols, useful intermediates in organic synthesis as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Organocopper compounds, prepared from Grignard reagents and copper(I) iodide in tetrahydrofuran-dimethyl sulphide, react with 2,3-O-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde highly stereoselectively (>10:1) affording the rarely obtained syn-addition products which can be readily converted into optically active epoxy alcohols, useful intermediates in organic synthesis.
TL;DR: The application of a chloride-selective electrode in flow injection analysis of chloride in tap and sewage water samples is described in this article, with an extremely simple experimental set-up, from 60 to 120 samples per hour can be analysed.
Abstract: The application of a chloride-selective electrode in flow injection analysis of chloride in tap and sewage water samples is described. With an extremely simple experimental set-up, from 60 to 120 samples per hour can be analysed. The standard deviation lies at 5%, when the chloride content is above 100 ppm, and 10%, if 10 ppm are present. Using a AgCl single crystal ion-selective electrode and high carrier solution flow rates, interfering anions like iodide, bromide, etc. are kinetically discriminated against and interfere only at orders of magnitude less than usual.
TL;DR: In this article, a new electrochemical technique for the automatic determination of iodine species in natural waters was described, where the iodide was electrochemically oxidized to iodide and quantitatively concentrated on a carbon wool electrode in a preconcentration cell.
Abstract: Inorganic iodine species, iodide, and iodate in seawater have been determined by a variety of classical methods of analysis. Only the spectrophotometric procedure using the absorbance of I/sub 3//sup -/ at 353 nm is utilized for an automatic determination. This method, however, has a few disadvantages such as interference with nitrite and insufficient accuracy for low concentration of iodide. This paper describes a new electrochemical technique for the automatic determination of iodine species in natural waters. The iodide is electrochemically oxidized to iodine and quantitatively concentrated on a carbon wool electrode in a preconcentration cell. After the interference ions were removed, the iodine was eluted with reducing agent followed by the determination at the polished Ag/sub 3/SI electrode in the detection cell. The iodate is determined after being reduced to iodide by reducing agent. The resulting amperometric current is proportional to iodide or iodate concentration in the original solution. The sensitivity is 0.4-0.5 ..mu..A/..mu..g I/sup -/ and the detection limit is 5 ng of I/sup -/. Iodine species can be accurately determined as iodide and total iodine (iodide + iodate) from less than 50 mL of seawater sample by this method. 5 references, 7 figures, 1 table.
TL;DR: In this paper, the formation constant for triiodide ion and acid dissociation constant of iodic acid were measured as a function of temperature, and the resulting thermodynamic data have been incorporated into a general computer model describing the hydrolysis equilibria of molecular iodide.
TL;DR: In this article, the I3− and I5− ions in the I2/I3− units of a nylon 6 complex were found to be oriented parallel to the surface of the film.
Abstract: Two species of iodide ions (I3− and I5−) are found in iodine—nylon 6 complexes. Orientation of I5− arrays (most likely I2/I3− complex) along the polymer chain and I3− ions perpendicular to the chain axis in uniaxially drawn films and in films with planar orientation suggests that there is and intrinsic relation between the direction of iodide ion arrays and nylon 6 chains. When an unoriented film of nylon 6 in the amorphous or the α crystalline form is treated with an aqueous solution of iodine—potassium iodide, the I3− species in the resulting iodine—nylon complex lie in planes parallel to the surface of the film, and I2/I3− units are oriented normal to the surface of the film. The γ form obtained by desorbing the iodine from this complex shows considerable uniaxial rientation with the nylon chains oriented perpendicular to the plane of the film; this orientation is maintained during the γ to α transition. It is proposed that the iodine-induced orientation of the nylon 6 chains is due to the nucleating effects of the iodide ion species as the iodine diffuses unidirectionally into the film.
TL;DR: In this article, the determination of inorganic anions by ion chromatography with potentiometric detection using a metallic copper indicator electrode is described, which can result from consumption of cuprous and cupric ions in the diffusion layer at the electrode surface, from production of copper ions due to oxidation of metallic copper, or as a result of displacement of a copper-complexing ligand from the eluent by an eluted noncomplexing ion.
TL;DR: Aromatic bromides undergo halogen exchange reaction with iodide ion in the presence of copper iodide in hot hexamethylphosphoric triamide, to give the corresponding iodides in good to moderate yields as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Aromatic bromides undergo halogen exchange reaction with iodide ion in the presence of copper(I) iodide in hot hexamethylphosphoric triamide, to give the corresponding iodides in good to moderate yields.
TL;DR: In this article, the critical roles of each of the ruthenium, cobalt and iodide catalyst components in achieving maximum selectivity to HOAc have been identified, and the role of cobalt-iodide species in significant concentrations appears to be an inhibiting step in this synthesis.
TL;DR: The structure of the neutral mercury(II) halides in pyridine (py) solution has been studied by X-ray diffraction methods and vibrational spectroscopy.
Abstract: The structure of the neutral mercury(II) halides in pyridine (py) solution has been studied by X-ray diffraction methods and vibrational spectroscopy. Pseudo-tetrahedral HgX2(py)2 species (X = I, Br, or Cl) are formed in solution with approximately C2V symmetry. Relevant bond lengths are Hg–I 2.665(2), Hg–Br 2.497(2), and Hg–Cl 2.375(10)A. The IHgI angle was found to be 143(2)° and BrHgBr 151(3)°, including estimated corrections for shrinkage effects. The two pyridine molecules have Hg–N distances of 2.43(2), 2.45(2), and 2.47(2)A in the iodide, bromide, and chloride species, respectively. The crystal structure of [HgI2(py)2] has been refined to an R value of 0.031 for 744 observations. It consists of monomeric pseudo-tetrahedral [HgI2(py)2] species with Hg–I bond lengths of 2.664(1) and 2.668(1)A and an IHgI angle of 142.7(1)°. The two pyridine ligands are related by a mirror plane which contains the HgI2 entity. The Hg–N distance is 2.424(9)A. Raman and i.r. spectra of the pyridine solutions and of the HgX2(py)2 solids are consistent with structural models based on the diffraction data.
TL;DR: The data suggest that iodide binds to a saturable cell component by a reaction which is reversible only in the presence of thiol-containing drugs.
TL;DR: In this article, a single crystal of orthorhombic Pb3O2I2 was prepared by annealing a mixture of 2PbO + PbI2 at 400 °C.