Showing papers on "Lime published in 1979"

Lime Columns—A New Foundation Method

Abstract: A new foundation method is described where columns manufactured in situ by mixing soft clay with unslaked lime are used as foundation for light structures to reduce settlements and to increase the bearing capacity. Methods have been developed for the calculation of total and differential settlements based on results from full-scale tests. The lime columns also function as drains in soft clay which increase the consolidation rate of the soil.

Extruded corn flour as an alternative to lime-heated corn flour for tortilla preparation

Abstract: Experiments were conducted to produce an extruded corn dough (masa) and meal with the same organoleptic properties as lime heat-treated corn dough. Dry, raw corn kernels were ground in a cereal grinder. The resulting meal was combined with calcium hydroxide in a‘powder mixer and fed continuously through a Wenger X-S Extruder along with a controlled flow of cold water. The dough and tortillas made in this way were compared with those made by traditional lime heat-treatment methods for organoleptic properties and total lysine, tryptophan and protein content. No appreciable differences were noted at comparable use levels of calcium hydroxide. Better color and smaller tryptophan losses were obtained with extruded products using 0.2% calcium hydroxide than with the lime heat-treatment method using 1.0% calcium hydroxide.

Effects of sodium chloride on limestone calcination and sulfation in fluidized-bed combustion

Abstract: Inorganic salts are used in the lime industry to alter the physical properties of calcined limes. Such physical effects on limestone calcines seem to form the basis for enhanced ability of stones to react with sulfur dioxide. This interaction, particularly in regard to using limestones more efficiently to reduce environmental contaminants in fluidized-bed combustion off-gas, is investigated. Application of sodium chloride addition to fluidized-bed coal combustion would increase the sulfur capacity of unreactive limestone and reduce the quantity of limestone needed and solid waste produced in meeting SO2 standards. (1 diagram, 5 graphs, 9 photos, 23 references)

On the Diagenesis of Lime Mud: Scanning Electron Microscopic Observations of Subsurface Material from Barbados, W.I.

Abstract: Diagenesis of lime mud involves mineralogic stabilization, addition of large amounts of porosity-reducing cement and/or compaction, and grain shape changes, processes that may occur rapidly when fresh water invades the sediment pore systems. Scanning electron microscopy of lithified and semilithified Pleistocene lime mudstone from a subsurface location on Barbados (Borehole #17) illustrate some of these early diagenetic processes. Mineralogically stable muds that have resided in fresh water phreatic lenses are well cemented with porosity less than 15%. Mud particles are 0.5 to 2 µm in diameter Three to 8 µm grains of cement occur in aggregates lining irregular coarse silt- and sand-sized cavities (molds?). In the modern zone of mixing of fresh and marine ground water. mineralogically metastable muds contain 20-30% calcite crystals, 3 to 5 µm in size, partially filling micropores and cementing 0.25 to 2 µm mud particles; porosity is 20-40%. These data indicate that early cementation of lime mud can occur in fresh and brackish phreatic environments. Mineralogic stabilization of the muds involves dissolution of 0.25 to 2 µm sized metastable grains and precipitation of calcite crystals up to 8 µm in size. Interpretation of the scanning electron micrographs indicates that aggrading neomorphism has not been an important process in the early evolution of the mud fabric.

Response of Alfalfa and Sorghum to Lime and P on Highly Weathered Soils1

Abstract: On highly weathered soils, crop response to low levels of lime is usually positive, corresponding to the neutralization of exchangeable Al and Mn, but response at high levels often becomes negative. Because the reasons for depressed yields when highly weathered soils are limed to near-neutral pH values have not been adequately elucidated, two Oxisols (Typic, Umbriorthox) having similar properties but responding differently to lime were used to further probe the mechanisms involved. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and sorghum (Sorghum sudanense) were used as test crops in greenhouse experiments in which the levels of P and lime were varied. The depressive effect of high rates of lime appears to be linked with the presence of toxic levels of exchangeable Al before liming. Although this depressive effect can be overcome by the application of large quantities of P, it is not proposed that the effect is due primarily to exchangeable Al. Rather the level of exchangeable A1 at a given pH reflects the reactivity of the aluminous surfaces which, in turn, govern the solubility of P

Method of treating coal to remove sulfur and ash

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an improved method of chemically treating coal to remove sulfur and ash. It is especially adapted for use on high sulfur, refuse coal. In practice the coal is treated with hydrochloric acid and hypochlorous acid in the presence of ferric and ferrous sulfate to convert the iron pyrites to other sulfur compounds. These are then converted to various salts of calcium through neutralization with lime.

Purification of stevioside solution

Abstract: PURPOSE: To obtain white stevioside from which coloring matter is selectively removed, without the unique uegetable odor, by treating a stevioside extract with slaked lime and then a water-soluble iron compound. CONSTITUTION: Stevioside is extracted from the leaves and stalks of Stevia rebaudiana (Bent.) with water, hot water, or a hydrous alcohol, and the extract or its concentrate is mixed with slaked lime or milk of lime and stirred to aggregate and deposit impurities. The mixture is then filtered and mixed with almost an equimolar amount of a water-soluble iron compound, e.g. ferrous sulfate, and stirred to precipitate the iron ions as a sparingly soluble hydroxide, and to filter off the colored substances adsorbed on the hydroxide. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Acidic earthen cemented compositions for building materials and process

Abstract: An improved earthen composition suitable for building construction comprises soil, a sulfonic acid, cellulose and a cementing agent comprising a calcium cement such as Portland cement, lime or calcium carbonate and/or an asphalt cement such as asphaltic concrete, asphalt, or tar. The compositions are prepared in an aqueous mixture, which is then tamped or consolidated, and dried.

Interacting effects of subsoil acidity and water on the root behaviour and shoot growth of some genotypes of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)

Abstract: The effects of additions of calcium carbonate to a low-calcium, acidic subsoil, underlying a fertilized, limed surface soil, on the root and shoot growth of four lucerne genotypes were studied in deep (85 cm) soil columns. Separate surface and subsoil watering treatments were included after plants were established. A comparison showed that, at low rates of addition, calcium carbonate was more effective than magnesium carbonate in promoting root elongation, but more generally the increase in pH appeared to be the important factor. Surface droughting reduced shoot growth, but the response to subsoil lime continued as long as subsoil moisture was supplied, in accordance with the increased root penetration and ability for water uptake. Thus shoot growth under surface drought reflected (r = 0.973) the total length of deep roots (> 60 cm depth) over all genotypes and lime treatments. The genotypes, which included three from cv. Hunter River and one from cv. Siro Peruvian, differed in several respects. Our selections from Hunter River varied in root morphology, shoot : root ratios and type of response to subsoil lime. The Siro Peruvian genotype produced abundant deep, fine roots and good shoot growth under surface drought.

Removal of sulfur dioxide from gas

Abstract: Emission gas to be scrubbed of sulfur dioxide or the like has turbulent lengthwise flow through an elongated mixing vessel At a mixing zone in the vessel, near where said gas enters it, finely comminuted lime (Blaine Number preferably 6000 before calcining) is fed into the gas and carried out of the vessel with the gas to a cyclone separator From the cyclone the gas passes to a baghouse at which residual lime is removed from it and it is released A minor portion of the lime separated at the cyclone is sent to waste; most is returned to the mixing zone for recycling Make-up lime is fed to the mixing zone from a suspension calcining furnace, reaching the mixing zone while still heated To maintain 650° C to 750° C at the mixing zone, recycled lime may be reheated in passing from the cyclone to that zone The total of recycled and fresh lime fed to the mixing zone is at least nine times the quantity required for stoichiometric reaction with pollutant in the emission gas and can be 40 or more times that quantity

The SMP-buffer method for the determination of lime requirement of soils of the State of São Paulo

Abstract: The SMP-buffer method for the determination of lime requirement was studied with 23 soil samples of the State of Sao Paulo The method was calibrated against lime requirements to increase pH values to 55, 60 and 65 based on CaCO3 neutralization curves of the soils A modification of the ratio of SMP-buffer to soil, which gives lower lime requirements per unit of pH depression is suggested for the use of soils that have rather low buffer capacities The method proved to be satisfactory to predict amounts of lime needed to increase soil pH to values of 65, 60 and 55 Neutralization of aluminum, using a factor 15, increases the pH of the soils to values around 55

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization on Yield, Composition, and Quality of Kenaf1

Abstract: Kenaf (HibiscllS can.nabin~ L.), a potential pulp crop, ~as not show~ a consiStent ~Ield response to N, and the mfluence of N on pulp quality factors is unknown. The response of kenaf to lime and the amounts of various ~lements rem.oved with the harvested crop are also of mterest. A fIeld study was conducted to determine the effect of N on yield, mineral composition and quality of kenaf at two pH levels. Tests were conducted for 2 years! 1970 and 1971; in two .soil areas, Edisto (GlosslUJuic Fragmdalf) and Ona (TY,PlC Haplaguod); and in high a;nd 10';. pH areas esta~lished by prior applications of hme. NItrogen was applied at three levels and in single and three-way split applications. Nitrogen increased the yield, height and diameter of kenaf. Nitrogen had the favora;ble. effect of increasing woody fiber length, how­ ever ligrun content was also increased. Cellulose content w:'ls una~fected. Split applications of N usually produced hIgher yIelds than the same amount in a single application but were only significant for the first year on limed Edisto soil. Increasing rates of N decreased the P, K, Ca and B content of harvested kena£. Lime increased the Mg content anI reduced the Mn, AI, Sr, and Ba con­ tents. Neither N or lime had any significant effect on ZnZ Cu or Mo content.

Chemical precipitation of wastewater with lime and seawater

Abstract: The effect of seawater addition upon phosphorus removal in conjunction with lime precipitation have been investigated. Experience is also included from a full scale treatment plant where chemical precipitation of wastewater with lime and seawater has been applied for three years. Both the full scale operation and the laboratory studies have shown that seawater additions as low as 1 to 2 per cent can greatly improve the phosphorus removal efficiency when lime is used as a precipitant. The addition of seawater results in both an improved phosphorus removal and a lower lime requirement. The pH values for an equivalent phosphorus removal is lowered from a common value of 11.5 for soft Norwegian wastewater to a pH value of approximately 10.8. The improved results obtained from seawater additions are believed to be due to the addition of magnesium to the wastewater. This work also brings into focus the role of magnesium in the precipitation from wastewater using lime, and indicates that this may explain the variations in phosphorus removal efficiencies reported at various locations. It is believed that this process represents a feasible alternative for phosphorus removal in coastal areas.

Apparatus for converting grain into dough

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and apparatus for processing grain, such as corn, into flour and dough useful in making foodstuff products, such as tacos, tortillas, corn chips, etc. In one embodiment, atmospheric pre-heating of the grain with consequent cracking of the hull is combined with the softening effects of a lime water spray to deliver partially cooled grain in a comparatively dry state to a mill for efficient pulverization, following which it is made into a dough which is finally cooked and formed into the desired end product.

Lime slaking apparatus

Abstract: An improved lime slaking system including agitator means effective for mechanical comminution of particulate lime during the hydration thereof.

Process for the preparation of detergent dispersants of high alkalinity for lubricating oils and the product obtained therefrom

Abstract: A process is provided for preparing detergent-dispersant compositions of a TBN of at least about 200, containing at least about 2 percent magnesium, by: (1) sulfurization by sulfur of an alkylphenol in the presence of a magnesium and/or calcium alkylbenzene-sulfonate of a TBN less than or equal to about 150, an alkaline-earth component selected from among lime, mixtures of magnesium oxide and lime, or a magnesium oxide and alkali hydroxide, and an alkylene glycol; (2) optionally precarbonation of the resultant mixture by means of CO 2 ; (3) super-alkalinization and carbonation of the resultant mixture by means of magnesium oxide and possibly lime, CO 2 and alkylene glycol; and (4) removal of the excess alkylene glycol. The detergent-dispersant compositions obtained are useful in the improvement of the detergent-dispersant properties of lubricating oils.

Effects of Phosphorus Fertilizer and Lime on the As, Cr, Pb, and V Content of Soils and Plants

Abstract: The occurrence in fertilizer material of small quantities of chemical elements not essential to plants suggests that the soil may become contaminated with these elements due to the use of fertilizers. Two experimental sites: a Nicollet clay loam fertilized with 0, 1111, 2222, 4444, and 8888 kg/ha of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) and 20.2 metric tons of lime, and a Port Byron silt loam fertilized for 19 years with 99, 73, 82, and 352 kg/ha annually of CSP, calcium metaphosphate, phosphoric acid, and southern rock phosphate, respectively, were sampled to determine if significant amounts of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), or vanadium (V) had been added from the use of these fertilizer materials. There was no indication of increased As, Cr, Pb, or V from the addition of P fertilizers to either the Nicollet or Port Byron soils. The addition of lime increased the Cr content of the Nicollet soil by approximately 3 ppM, but there was no increase in As, Pb, or V. There was no increase in As, Cr, Pb, or V from addition of CSP in soil samples from below the Ap horizon to a depth of 47.5 cm. Soil samples from a representative Nicollet soil suggestmore » that higher As, Cr, Pb, and V concentrations in the A and B horizons are due to leaching of CaCO/sub 3/ into the C horizon. Corn (Zea mays L.) plant growth and grain yields were similar for all CSP and lime treatments. The results of this study indicate that the use of P fertilizers at the rates presently applied would not add substantially to the natural levels of As, Cr, Pb, and V in the soil.« less

Dispersive Soil Problem at Los Esteros Dam

Abstract: Dispersive soil was discovered in the impervious borrow area at Los Esteros Dam and, through the use of sand filters and lime treatment of specific areas, the dispersive soil was used in the impervious core of the dam. Testing of the soil at the first laboratory was inconclusive, but testing at the second confirmed the soil to be dispersive. Tests were then conducted on the dispersive soil, sand filters, and lime-treated dispersive soil to determine whether sand filters and lime treatment could be used to control and alter the dispersive clay for use in the impervious core of the dam. Results of the program confirmed that a properly graded sand filter will control dispersive erosion through the impervious core and lime treatment alters the soil to a nondispersive material. A sand filter was constructed downstream of the impervious core and, where the base of the impervious core is founded on a fractured sandstone, a 5-ft (1.5-m) thick layer of the core was treated with lime.

Ecological studies on the Lime Hill serpentine, Scotland

Abstract: Summary Lime Hill is an example of a serpentine outcrop which shows only to a limited extent the features of vegetation often associated with ultrabasic rock. Plant and soil analyses from this site are presented and compared with those from other Scottish serpentines. Substantial quantities of heavy metals are present at Lime Hill. It is suggested that the cause of the absence of serpentine-characteristic plants lies in a relatively low soil Mg : Ca ratio and/or high P and K levels.

Utilizing N2-Fixing Woody Plant Species for Distressed Soils and the Effect of Lime on Survival

Abstract: Distressed or drastically disturbed soils offer a hostile environment for plant growth, and revegetation is often very difficult. Site improvement and proper plant selection are necessary for satisfactory revegetation. The use of actinomycete-nodulated woody plants as a long-term N supplier for the plant community should be considered. The initial soil pH (2.8) of the mine test site was modified by adding 12.5, 25, and 39 t/ha lime (CaCO3). Only the high 39 t/ha addition maintained pH of 6.0 or above throughout the growing season. Elaeagnus umbellata, Alnus glutinosa, Robinia fertilis `Arnot,' and R. pseudoacacia survived well at all lime additions but did not survive if no lime was added. Caragana arborescens and Shepherdia argentea survived better at the highest lime concentration (39 t/ha).

The Effect of Excess Soil Copper on the Growth of Black Spruce and Green Alder Seedlings

Abstract: Increasing additions of Cu to soil up to 150 ppm decreased the growth of black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) seedlings as measured by dry-weight production in 13-14 wk of growth after germination. The addition of lime and/or fertilizer improved the growth of black spruce seedlings at all Cu levels. Generally, fertilizer improved growth more at low Cu levels, and lime improved growth more at high Cu levels. Increased soil Cu concentrations had a much more drastic effect on the growth of green alder (Alnus crispa [Ait.] Pursh) seedlings, and lime fertilizer additions had much less of an ameliorative effect. In fact, the addition of lime at low Cu levels was in itself detrimental to alder seedling growth. Nodule biomass per seedling was very closely related to seedling biomass. In the unlimed soil there was no nodule production at Cu applications above 100 ppm. Nodule activity, however, seemed to be less affected by Cu per se than by the effect of Cu on the whole plant. Green alder would not appear, ...

Method for improving bed firing characteristics and inhibiting coalescence of coal pellets

Abstract: There is disclosed a method of reducing the swelling characteristics and bed characteristics of a pelletized fuel during a sintering operation. The method comprises the steps of pulverizing the coal to form a powdery mass, forming the mass into discrete pellets, providing a coating on the pellets with soluble salts, burnt lime, or hydrated lime, and heating the pellets to a temperature exceeding 800° F.

Coating materials for commercial inoculated and coated clover seed

Abstract: The effectiveness of lime, rock phosphate-dolomite, gypsum, and thermophos as coating materials for commerically inoculated and coated clover seed oversown on acid, tussock grassland soils was investigated. Lime coating gave a higher establishment of seedlings and more clover growth than any of the other coating materials. anJ is recommended as the commercial coating material for clover seed oversown on acid soils.

Effects of a lime slurry on soil pH, exchangeable calcium, and peanut yields.

Abstract: The effectiveness of a low rate of lime slurry for peanut (Arachis hupogaea L.) production was evaluated on four Coastal Plain soils of southeastern Alabama. The four experimental sites were selected on fanners' fields because of their low soil pH and low exchangeable Ca. Lime was applied just prior to planting at a 560-kg/ha rate and at the recommended rate; lime sources included a slurry, an equally-fine dry limestone, and an agricultural­ grade limestone. Soil pH and exchangeable Ca of the Ap horizon were measured by depth increments when crop was harvested. Lime slurry and dry lime at equivalent rates had identical effects on soil pH and peanut yields. The 560-kg/ha rate was inadequate for maximum peanut yields on Ca-deficient soils. The recommended rate of agricultural-grade limestone was more reactive than the low rate of lime slurry, and it also produced higher peanut yields. soil pH in the pegging zone above critical levels. The objective of the field experiments reported here was to determine if a low rate of lime slurry would meet the Ca and pH requirement for maxi­ mum yield of 'Florunner' peanuts where either was deficient.

Basic steel-making slags treated with lime - are fed into rotary drum furnace with lime to mfr. Portland cement clinker

Abstract: Plant for exploiting metallurgical slags not contg. phosphorus, uses a furnace (a) with a vertical axis and height pref. equal to its dia. The slag is heated in the furnace (a) e.g. by >=1 burner with its bottom end dipping into the slag, and the furnace has a spout and is tilted for emptying. Devices are included for adding agents which reduce iron- and manganese-oxides, and for adding lime. Furnace (a) is emptied into a rotary drum furnace (b) with an axis which is almost horizontal, but sloping towards its outlet, in furnace (b), the lime reacts with the reduced slag so Portland cement clinker is formed in furnace (b). Furnace (a) pref. has a taphole for removing Fe and Mn obtd. by the redn. of their oxides. See also 867391. Slags which had only a few industrial or agricultural uses in the past can now be used as Portland cement.