Showing papers on "Lyotropic liquid crystal published in 1976"

Introduction to Liquid Crystals

Abstract: 1 Liquid Crystal Mesophases.- 1. Mesophases.- 1.1 Disordered Crystal Mesophases.- 1.2 Ordered Fluid Mesophases.- 2. Types of Liquid Crystals.- 2.1 Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.- 2.2 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.- 3. Classification According to Molecular Order.- 3.1 Nematic Order.- 3.2 Cholesteric Order.- 3.3 Smectic Order.- 4. Polymorphism in Thermotropic Liquid Crystals.- 5. Molecular Structure of Thermotropic Mesogens.- 6. Properties of Ordered Fluid Mesophases.- 2 Structure-Property Relationships in Thermotropic Organic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organic Mesophases.- 3. General Structural Features of Mesogens.- 4. Effects of Structure on Mesophase Thermal Stability.- 5. Homologous Series.- 6. Materials for Device Applications.- 7. Summary.- 3 Introduction to the Molecular Theory of Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Symmetry and the Order Parameter.- 3. The Molecular Potential.- 4. The Orientational Distribution function.- 5. Thermodynamics of the Nematic Phase.- 6. Fluctuations at Tc.- 4 Generalized Mean Field Theory of Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Pair Interaction Potential.- 3. The Mean Field Approximation.- 4. Statistical Thermodynamics.- 5. Nature of the Parameters UL.- 6. The Need for Higher Order Terms in V1.- 5 Hard Rod Model of the Nematic-Isotropic Phase Transition.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Derivation of Onsager Equations.- 3. Solution of Onsager Equations in a Simplified Case.- 6 Nematic Order: The Long Range Orientational Distribution Function.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Orientational Distribution function.- 3. Macroscopic Definition of Nematic Order.- 4. Relationship Between Microscopic and Macroscopic Order Parameters.- 5. Experimental Measurements.- 5.1 Measurements of ?P2(cos ?)? Based on Macroscopic Anisotropies.- 5.2 Measurements of ?P2(cos ?)? Based on Microscopic Anisotropies.- 6. Experimental Data.- 7 Introduction to the Molecular Theory of Smectic-A Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Symmetry, Structure and Order Parameters.- 3. Phase Diagrams.- 4. The Molecular Potential.- 5. Statistical Thermodynamics.- 6. Numerical Results.- 7. Improved Theory.- 8. The Possibility of Second-Order Transitions.- 8 Introduction to the Elastic Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Fundamental Equation of the Continuum Theory of Liquid Crystals.- 3. Applications of the Elastic Continuum Theory.- 3.1 Twisted Nematic Cell.- 3.2 Magnetic Coherence Length.- 3.3 Freedericksz Transition.- 3.4 Field-Induced Cholesteric-Nematic Transition.- 4. Concluding Remarks.- 9 Electrohydrodynamic Instabilities in Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nature of the Instability and the Balance of Forces.- 3. Dielectric Response.- 4. Hydrodynamic Effects.- 5. The Boundary Value Problem in the Conduction Regime.- 6. The Torque Balance Equation.- 7. Numerical Results and Comparison with Experiment.- 8. Range of Applicability.- 10 The Landau-de Gennes Theory of Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Derivation of the Fundamental Equations of the Landau-de Gennes Theory.- 2.1 The Partition function.- 2.2 The Landau Expansion.- 2.3 Generalization of the Landau Expansion to Liquid Crystals.- 3. Thermodynamic Properties of Liquid Crystal Phase Transitions.- 4. Fluctuation Phenomena.- 4.1 Homophase Fluctuations in the Isotropic Phase.- 4.2 Heterophase Fluctuations.- 5. Observation of Fluctuations Using Light Scattering.- 6. Magnetic Birefringence and the Paranematic Susceptibility.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 11 Introduction to the Optical Properties of Cholesteric and Chiral Nematic Liquid Crystals.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Maxwell's Equations.- 3. Discussion.- 4. Conclusion.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- 12 Liquid-Crystal Displays-Packaging and Surface Treatments.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Packaging.- 3. Electrodes.- 4. Surface Orientation.- 5. Influence of Packaging on Surface Orientation.- 6. Summary.- 13 Pressure Effects in Sealed Liquid-Crystal Cells.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Effect of Temperature Change.- 3. Effect of Glass Thickness.- 4. The Case of a Rigid Container.- 14 Liquid-Crystal Displays-Electro-optic Effects and Addressing Techniques.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Electro-optic Phenomena.- 2.1 Field-Induced Birefringence.- 2.2 Twisted Nematic Effect.- 2.3 Guest-Host Effect.- 2.4 Cholesteric-to-Nematic Transition.- 2.5 Dynamic Scattering.- 2.6 Storage Mode.- 2.7 Transient Response.- 3. Display-Related Parameters.- 3.1 Display Life.- 3.2 Temperature Dependence.- 4. Addressing Techniques.- 4.1 Matrix Addressing.- 4.2 Beam Scanning.- 5. Summary.- 15 Liquid-Crystal Optical Waveguides.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Guided Optical Waves.- 3. Phase Matching and Coupling.- 4. Scattering.- 5. Liquid Crystal Waveguides.- 6. Conclusions.- 16 The Electro-optic Transfer Function in Nematic Liquids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Geometrical Considerations in Optical Measurements.- 3. Field Effects-Negative Dielectric Anisotropy.- 4. Field Effects-Positive Dielectric Anisotropy.- 5. Hydrodynamic Effects-Diffraction by Domains.- 6. Dynamic Scattering.- 7. Photoconductor Control.- 17 Electrochemistry in Nematic Liquid-Crystal Solvents.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Equilibrium Properties of Bulk Solutions.- 3. Electrochemical Reactions.- 18 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals and Biological Membranes: The Crucial Role of Water.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Lyotropic Liquid Crystals.- 2.1 Constituents of Lyotropics.- 2.2 Micelles.- 2.3 Structure of Lyotropics.- 3. Biological Membranes.- 3.1 Constituents of Membranes.- 3.2 Structures of Membranes.- 4. Interaction of Amphiphilic Compounds with Water.- 4.1 Solubility of Hydrocarbons in Water.- 4.2 Solubility of Ionized Species in Water.- 4.3 Aggregation of Amphiphilic Compounds.- 5. Conclusion.

Surfactant association structure and emulsion stability

Abstract: Recent results on the concentration dependence of the mutual interaction between dodecyl sulphate and dodecanol in emulsions were used as a basis to demonstrate the necessity of taking water/ emulsifier interaction into account when interpreting the enhanced stabilizing action of combined emulsifiers. The usefulness of three-dimensional association structures, such as liquid crystals, as model substances for obtaining information about the structure and bonding conditions of combined emulsifiers at an interface, was discussed. The earlier opinion on the presence and location of lyotropic liquid crystals in emulsion systems was verified by optical and electron microscopy and the structure of the phases identified by low-angle X-ray diffractometry. The influence of the presence of liquid crystals at the o/w interface on the flocculation and coalescence of emulsion droplets was estimated from the change in van der Waals (VdW) interaction. The results indicated a negligible influence of the changed attraction on the flocculation process from the adsorption of liquid crystals at the interface. On the other hand, the corresponding effect on the coalescence was pronounced; the presence of a liquid crystal reduced the VdW energy available for bringing about coalescence, by a factor of about 20.

Lyotropic Liquid Crystals: and the Structure of Biomembranes

Abstract: The best ebooks about Lyotropic Liquid Crystals And The Structure Of Biomembranes that you can get for free here by download this Lyotropic Liquid Crystals And The Structure Of Biomembranes and save to your desktop. This ebooks is under topic such as lyotropic liquid crystals and the structure of biomembranes lyotropic liquid crystals and the structure of biomembranes part ii studies of lyotropic liquid crystals 4 introduction lyotropic liquid crystals and the structure of biomembranes biomembranes and biomimetic membrane sensors inorganic small particle formation in lyotropic liquid biology laboratory manual a chapter 14 answer key nonionic amphiphile nanoarchitectonics: self-assembly into the effect of liquid crystalline structures on antiseizure flexoelectricity of lyotropics and biomembranes springer h-nmr in liquid crystals and membranes researchgate inverse cubic liquid-crystalline phases of phospholipids answers to end of chapter questions 8 avavan molecular dynamics of lyotropic liquid crystals a time free user manual john deere lx176 haruns chapter 12 mankiw solutions galois review electricity and mechanics of biomembrane systems puss n boots bhrec love astrology scorpio seses chronicles of er da sovtek uncertainty and intelligent information systems dixsie library monster jamroz john mitchel irish nationalist southern secessionist applied practice gatsby answers njmnet the ecological life discovering citizenship and a sense of u certified power chchch warren randall ford v state texas tsaltd building big building big repol a textbook of cataloguing 1st edition qqntf compaq dc5700 manual njmnet for god and country faith and patriotism under fire sheffield united minott 1996 see doo challenger manual tweve users manual for lg optimus p920 3d namlod my carry along superman ameram bc super ross girlup beard on bread dethai biodiversity in biomembranes scd-thesesu-strasbg acoustic guitar wedding helenw dominion energy solutions electric rates telsnr

Phase diagram and n.m.r. study of the lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed by lithium perfluoro-octanoate and water

Abstract: The lyotropic liquid crystalline phases formed by the system lithium perfluoro-octanoate and water have been examined by X-ray diffraction and polarising microscopy. The phases formed are complex hexagonal, lamellar and reversed hexagonal. The latter two have structures similar to those formed by hydrocarbon surfactants; the structure of the complex hexagonal phase is less certain. The binding and orientation of water and lithium ions have been measured using n.m.r. quadrupole splittings. The orientation of both bound water and lithium ions is similar in the complex hexagonal and lamellar phases, and is altered in the reversed hexagonal phase.

Some rheological properties of lyotropic liquid crystals formed by phosphated polyoxyethylene surfactants, n-hexane and water

Abstract: Rheological measurements have been carried out using continuous shear viscometry and creep testing on two major mesophases previously found in systems containing phosphated nonyphenol ethoxylate (PNE), phosphated fatty alcohol ethoxylate (PFE), water andn-hexane. Systems containing lamellar liquid crystals exhibited a clockwise (rheopectic) hysteresis loop on the Ferranti-Shirley cone-and-plate viscometer which increased in area with increasing water content. On the other hand, both the hexagonal liquid crystalline phase and an intermediate amorphous gel phase showed an anti-clockwise (thixotropic) hysteresis.

Orientational structure formation in lyotropic, liquid crystals of poly-p-benzamide

Abstract: The relationship between the conditions of deformation and structure- formation in liquid crystals of poly-p-benzamide (PBA) has been investigated. Use of a combination of physicochemical methods has enabled it to be shown that orientation of the macromolecules in flow can be different in different sections of the flow curve. If deformation is brought about by stresses close to the yield point, when flow is stopped after-orientation takes place, ending in formation of domains of regular shape. Structural features of the domains are discussed, bearing in mind their electro magnetic nature.