Showing papers on "Modernization theory published in 2000"
TL;DR: This article found evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions in 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys.
Abstract: Modernization theorists from Karl Marx to Daniel Bell have argued that economic development brings pervasive cultural changes. But others, from Max Weber to Samuel Huntington, have claimed that cultural values are an enduring and autonomous influence on society. We test the thesis that economic development is linked with systematic changes in basic values. Using data from the three waves of the World Values Surveys, which include 65 societies and 75 percent of the world's population, we find evidence of both massive cultural change and the persistence of distinctive cultural traditions. Economic development is associated with shifts away from absolute norms and values toward values that are increasingly rational, tolerant, trusting, and participatory. Cultural change, however, is path dependent. The broad cultural heritage of a society - Protestant, Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Confucian, or Communist - leaves an imprint on values that endures despite modernization. Moreover, the differences between the values held by members of different religions within given societies are much smaller than are cross-national differences. Once established, such cross-cultural differences become part of a national culture transmitted by educational institutions and mass media. We conclude with some proposed revisions of modernization theory
4,551 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, rural development is analyzed as a multi-level, multi-actor and multi-faceted process rooted in historical traditions that represents at all levels a fundamental rupture with the modernization project.
Abstract: Both in practice and policy a new model of rural development is emerging. This paper reflects the discussions in the impact research programme and suggests that at the level of associated theory also a fundamental shift is taking place. The modernization paradigm that once dominated policy, practice and theory is being replaced by a new rural development paradigm. Rural development is analyzed as a multi-level, multi-actor and multi-facetted process rooted in historical traditions that represents at all levels a fundamental rupture with the modernization project. The range of new quality products, services and forms of cost reduction that together comprise rural development are understood as a response by farm families to both the eroding economic base of their enterprises and to the new needs and expectations European society has of the rural areas. Rural development therefore is largely an autonomous, self-driven process and in its further unfolding agriculture will continue to play a key role, although it is a role that may well change. This article provides an introduction to the nine papers of this ‘special issue’ and the many reconfiguration processes embodied in rural development that they address.in rural development
918 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine some of the reasons for and implications of the ascendance of ecological modernization thought and suggest that while ecological modernization is indistinct as a social theory its basic logic suggests two points.
464 citations
Book•
15 May 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, Latham reveals how social science theory helped shape American foreign policy during the Kennedy administration, from such programs as the Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress to an eventual recasting of Manifest Destiny and imperlalism.
Abstract: Providing new insight on the intellectual and cultural dimensions of the Cold War, Michael Latham reveals how social science theory helped shape American foreign policy during the Kennedy administration. He shows how, in the midst of America's protracted struggle to contain communism in the developing world, the concept of global modernization moved beyond its beginnings in academia to become a motivating ideology behind policy decisions. After tracing the rise of modernization theory in American social science, Latham analyzes the way its core assumptions influenced the Kennedy administration's Alliance for Progress with Latin America, the creation of the Peace Corps, and the strategic hamlet program in Vietnam. But as he demonstrates, modernizers went beyond insisting on the relevance of America's experience to the dilemmas faced by impoverished countries. Seeking to accelerate the movement of foreign societies toward a liberal, democratic, and capitalist modernity, Kennedy and his advisers also reiterated a much deeper sense of their own nation's vital strengths and essential benevolence. At the height of the Cold War, Latham argues, modernization recast older ideologies of Manifest Destiny and imperialism. |Explores how the social science concept of global modernization shaped American foreign policy in the Kennedy administration, from such programs as the Peace Corps and Alliance for Progress to an eventual recasting of Manifest Destiny and imperlalism.
427 citations
TL;DR: The strongest support for social integration theory came from research on marital integration, wherein more than three quarters of the research found a significant relationship.
Abstract: This article reviews the findings of 84 sociological studies published over a 15-year period. These studies deal with tests of the modernization and/or social integration perspectives on suicide. Research on modernization, religious integration, and political integration often questioned or reformulated the traditional Durkheimian perspective. A major new theoretical development, Pescosolido's religious networks perspective, gained some empirical support in the 15-year period. The strongest support for social integration theory came from research on marital integration, wherein more than three quarters of the research found a significant relationship. Finally, further research on migration, a force lowering social integration, continued to tend to find a positive link to suicide.
406 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a contextual model of domestic consumption is proposed, which combines an actor-oriented approach with a system-of-provision perspective of consumer behaviour, and the relevance of the proposed model for research on the ecological modernisation of domestic Consumption is discussed.
Abstract: Ecological modernisation theory has been developed so far mainly with respect to the production sphere. In order to apply the theory to the sphere of consumption, it needs to be enriched with some of the central concepts from the sociology of consumption. What results is a contextual model of (domestic) consumption which combines an actor‐oriented approach with a system‐of‐provision perspective of consumer behaviour. In conclusion, the relevance of the proposed model for research on the ecological modernisation of domestic consumption is discussed.
388 citations
Book•
30 Oct 2000
TL;DR: In this paper, the structural foundation of a pact: the transformation of elite interests is discussed, and the insurgent path to democracy in oligarchic societies is described, from civil war to democracy.
Abstract: Introduction 1. From civil war to democracy: improbable transitions in oligarchic societies Part I. El Salvador's Path to Democracy: 2. From conservative modernization to civil war 3. The structural foundation of a pact: the transformation of elite interests 4. Negotiating a democratic transition to end civil war Part II. From Racial Oligarchy to Pluralist Democracy in South Africa: 5. Apartheid, conservative modernization, and resistance 6. The challenge to elite economic interests 7. From recalcitrance to compromise Conclusion 8. The insurgent path to democracy in oligarchic societies Epilogue: the legacy of democracy forged from below.
323 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the key role of ecological modernization in bringing about sustainable development is discussed, and two strategies of sustainable development have been discussed: sufficiency and effi ciency.
Abstract: This paper deals with the key role of ecological modernization in bringing about sustainable development. So far, two strategies of sustainable development have been discussed: sufficiency and effi...
284 citations
TL;DR: Mol and Sonnenfeld as discussed by the authors reviewed the ecological modernisation theory and argued that the modernisation of domestic consumption can be seen as a form of "ecological modernisation".
Abstract: Introduction 1. Arthur P.J. Mol and David A. Sonnenfeld, "Ecological Modernisation Theory around the world: an introduction" Theoretical Perspectives 2. Arthur P.J. Mol and Gert Spaargaren, "Ecological modernisation in debate: a review" 3. Gert Spaargaren and Bas J.M. van Vliet, "Lifestyles, consumption and the environment. The ecological modernisation of domestic consumption" 4. Maurie Cohen, "Ecological modernisation, environmental knowledge, and national character" Case Studies from Around the World Advanced Industrial Countries 5. David Pellow, Allan Schnaiberg, and Adam Weinberg, "Putting the ecological modernisation thesis to the test: the promises and performance of urban recycling" (USA) 6. Pekka Jokinen, "Europeanisation and ecological modernisation: agri-environmental policy and practices in Finland" Transitional Economies 7. Leonardus Rinkevicius, "Ecological modernisation as cultural politics: transformations of the civic environmental activism in Lithuania" 8. Zsuzsa Gille, "Legacy of waste or wasted legacy? The end of industrial ecology in postsocialist Hungary" Developing Countries 9. David A. Sonnenfeld, "Contradictions of ecological modernisation: pulp and paper manufacturing in South-East Asia" 10. Jos Frijns, Phung Thuy Phuong and Arthur P.J. Mol, "Ecological modernisation theory and industrialising economies: the case of Viet Nam"
261 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the potential contribution of ecological modernization as both theory and guide to pragmatic action are explored by reference to the development of regional policy and regional development agencies (RDAs) in the English regions.
258 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explored the relationship between knowledge of plant use and indicators of modernization in Mexico and showed that empirical knowledge about plant use is both more diverse and more evenly shared by people speaking an indigenous language (Huastec) than by mestizo and Spanish-speaking indigenous populations in the Sierra de Manantlan.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to document relationships between knowledge of plant use and indicators of modernization in Mexico. The model we are testing envisions increasing loss of plant use knowledge with increasing modernization indicated by loss of indigenous language and acquisition of nontraditional community services such as literacy and quality of housing. As predicted, we demonstrate that empirical knowledge about plant use is both more diverse and more evenly shared by people speaking an indigenous language—the Huastec—than by mestizo and Spanish-speaking indigenous populations in the Sierra de Manantlan. Our analyses also indicate that the adoption of modern community services by eight rural communities in the Sierra de Manantlan of western Mexico has had notable effects eroding traditional knowledge about useful plants in some but not all communities. From this we suggest that even though traditional knowledge about plants probably suffered a decline that accompanied loss of the indigenous language in Manantlan, traditional knowledge may be able to survive the modernization process today where such knowledge has an important role in subsistence.
TL;DR: Common themes found in physical activity initiatives include the development of a theory-driven research base, inclusion of behavioral and social scientists on multidisciplinary teams, and advocacy for environmental changes that promote physical activity.
Abstract: The aim of this essay is to provide an overview of initiatives designed to increase physical activity among different populations and in different settings, and to set the context for the major challenges that lie ahead. The decline in habitual physical activity with modernization, and the causal link between physical activity and health are briefly reviewed. The need to understand physical activity as a health behavior and examples of behavior change theories that have been applied to the promotion of physical activity are discussed. Diverse projects and campaigns in three countries, i.e. South Africa, Australia and the US, are highlighted. Common themes found in these physical activity initiatives include the development of a theory-driven research base, inclusion of behavioral and social scientists on multidisciplinary teams, and advocacy for environmental changes that promote physical activity. Within the next decade, research projects and national campaigns such as those described herein will yield important new findings on how to increase physical activity levels among targeted sectors of the population. The research agenda for the future includes development of both basic and applied research on physical activity, and the integration of theory across social, behavioral and biomedical disciplines.
TL;DR: The critiques around postmodernist critiques of development are reviewed and the reading strategies employed are looked at and a cultural politics of difference is argued for.
Abstract: Arturo Escobar reviews the critiques around postmodernist critiques of development. He looks at the reading strategies employed and argues for a cultural politics of difference.
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Gert Spaargaren, Arthur P J Mol and Frederick H Buttel as discussed by the authors have discussed the role of modernity and the environment in the development of a globalizing world economy.
Abstract: Introduction - Gert Spaargaren, Arthur P J Mol and Frederick H Buttel Globalization, Modernity and the Environment Classical Theory and Contemporary Environmental Sociology - Frederick H Buttel Some Reflections on the Antecedents and Prospects for Reflexive Modernization Theories in the Study of Environment and Society Ecological Modernization Theory and the Changing Discourse on Environment and Modernity - Gert Spaargaren Modern Theories of Society and the Environment - Eugene A Rosa The Risk Society Social Constructions and Social Constrictions - William R Freudenburg Toward Analyzing the Social Construction of 'the Naturalized' as Well as 'the Natural' Globalization and Environment - Arthur P J Mol Between Apocalypse-Blindness and Ecological Modernization Environmental Social Theory for a Globalizing World Economy - Michael Redclift The Ideology of Ecological Modernization in 'Double-Risk' Societies - Leonardus Rinkevicius A Case Study of Lithuanian Environmental Policy Political Modernization Theory and Environmental Politics - Pieter Leroy and Jan van Tatenhove Ecological Modernization and Post-Ecologist Politics - Ingolfur Bl[um]uhdorn Self-Organizing Complexity, Conscious Purpose and 'Sustainable Development' - Ernest Garcia
TL;DR: In this article, it has been assumed among Western commentators that rapid economic growth in East and South-east Asia has been achieved without the development of social policies, and it has often been inferred t...
Abstract: Is has long been assumed among Western commentators that rapid economic growth in East and South-east Asia has been achieved without the development of social policies. It has often been inferred t ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors look at the development of administrative reforms in German local government which, because of the comparatively high degree of political and administrative decentralization of the Federal Republic has played a crucial role in the latter's entire politico-administrative setting and, hence, in its institutional reforms.
Abstract: In taking a historical-institutionlist approach, this paper looks at the development of administrative reforms in German local government which, because of the comparatively high degree of political and administrative decentralization of the Federal Republic has played a crucial role in the latter’s entire politico-administrative setting and, hence, in its institutional reforms. The paper mainly identifies three stages in the post-war development of administrative reforms. During the ‘planning movement’ of the late 1960s and early 1970s, Germany’s local level government and administration underwent significant and, to a considerable degree, lasting institutional changes. The 1980s were a period of incrementalist adaptation. Since the beginning of the 1990s, conspicuously later than in the Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian countries, but earlier and faster than the federal and the Lander levels, Germany’s local government has embarked upon dramatic changes particularly on two scores. First, in a growing number of municipalities and counties, administrative modernization was incorporated under the heading of a ‘New Steering Model’ (NSM) that largely drew on the dominant international New Public Management (NPM) debate. The dynamics of the ongoing administrative reforms are marked by an ‘amalgamation’ of NPM/NSM and earlier (‘traditional’) reform concepts. Secondly, at the same time, the political institutions of local government have under-gone a significant shift as a result of the introduction of direct democratic procedures (direct election of mayors and heads of counties, binding local referenda). The paper argues that it is this co-incidence and co-evolution of administrative and political reforms that make for the peculiarity of Germany’s current modernization trajectory, distinguishing it from the Anglo-Saxon and, to a lesser degree, from the Scandinavian modernization paths.
01 Jul 2000
TL;DR: The Latin American dependentistas produced a knowledge that criticized the Eurocentric assumptions of the cepalistas, including the orthodox Marxist and the North American modernization theories as mentioned in this paper, which was an important intervention that transformed the imaginary of intellectual debates in many parts of the world.
Abstract: The Latin American dependentistas produced a knowledge that criticized the Eurocentric assumptions of the cepalistas, including the orthodox Marxist and the North American modernization theories. The dependentista school critique of stagism and developmentalism was an important intervention that transformed the imaginary of intellectual debates in many parts of the world. However, I will argue that many dependentistas were still caught in the developmentalism, and in some cases even the stagism, that they were trying to overcome. Moreover, although the dependentistas’ critique of stagism was important in denying the “denial of coevalness” that Johannes Fabian (1983) describes as central to Eurocentric constructions of “otherness,” some dependentistas replaced it with new forms of denial of coevalness. The first part of this article discusses developmentalist ideology and what I call “feudalmania” as part of the longue duree of modernity in Latin America. The second part discusses the dependentistas’ developmentalism. The third part is a critical discussion of Fernando Henrique Cardoso’s version of dependency theory. Finally, the fourth part discusses the dependentistas’ concept of culture.
TL;DR: In this paper, the theory of ecological modernization is discussed with respect to some of its central assumptions, taking into account a number of the criticisms that have been raised against the theory, and it is argued that the focus of the theory on substance and energy flows within social systems does not necessarily imply a resort to some sort of naive realism which denies the inherently social and contested nature of environmental problems.
Abstract: In the first part of the paper, the theory of ecological modernization is discussed with respect to some of its central assumptions, taking into account a number of the criticisms that have been raised against the theory. It is argued that the focus of the theory on substance and energy flows within social systems does not necessarily imply a resort to some sort of ‘naive realism’ which denies the inherently social and contested nature of environmental problems. It is, however, important for environmental sociologists to take on board indicators and criteria that refer to the material dimension of social systems in order to be able to contribute to the debate on sustainable production and consumption. Furthermore, it is argued that environmental technologies are of crucial importance for bringing about more sustainable ways of industrial production and consumption. It is described how the real or supposed dangers of a central focus on technology would result in a technological-fix scheme of environmental ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that families organize the flow of resources between generations and sectors, thus promoting the acquisition of skills and urban migration, and thus the modernization of societies, by stabilizing the contract between generations within family units that ethnic groups facilitate the process of investment.
Abstract: 131 enroll. While membership is an entitlement that can be activated, the entitlement is restricted by family membership. As in other developing regions, formal institutions are weak in modern Africa, and persons therefore tend to organize economic relationships through social institutions. One way of augmenting the stock of capital is through education; another is through migration to the city. To a great degree, it is families who organize the flow of resources that promote both urban migration and the acquisition of skills. Recognizing the central role of families in the formation of capital, one can achieve a better grasp of the relationship between modernization and ethnicity. To a significant degree, modernization is achieved through the process of human-capital formation. This process is privately organized; that is to say, it is organized by families. Families organize the flow of resources between generations and sectors, thus promoting the acquisition of skills and urban migration, and thus the modernization of societies. It is by stabilizing the contract between generations within family units that ethnic groups facilitate the process of investment. To illustrate, I use data collected from a village in Luapula Province, Zambia, which supplies labor to the mining centers of Zambia and Congo. When conducting my field work, I focused on links between town and country and found that the income rural dwellers derived from town varied systematically with the structure (size, age composition, and education) of their families. The coefficients in the “remittance” function suggested that an additional child yields, on average, 3.23 kwacha in the form of financial Those who study modern Africa commonly highlight three features: its poverty, its instability, and its ethnic diversity. Whether in lurid popularizations (e.g., Robert Kaplan, 1994) or in social scientific research (e.g., William Easterly and Ross Levine, 1997; but see also Paul Collier and A. Hoeffler [1998]) scholars reason that Africa is poor because it is unstable and that its instability derives from its ethnic complexity. Ethnicity thus lies, it is held, at the root of Africa’s development crisis. This essay critiques the conventional wisdom by mounting an alternative interpretation. Using both qualitative and quantitative data from Africa, this article argues that:
01 Apr 2000
TL;DR: This paper provides a survey of modernization techniques including screen scraping, database gateway, XML integration, database replication, CGI integration, object-oriented wrapping, and "componentization" of legacy systems.
Abstract: : Information systems are critical assets for modern enterprises and incorporate key knowledge acquired over the life of an organization. Although these systems must be updated continuously to reflect evolving business practices, repeated modification has a cumulative effect on system complexity, and the rapid evolution of technology quickly renders existing technologies obsolete. Eventually, the existing information systems become too fragile to modify and too important to discard. However, organizations must consider modernizing these legacy systems to remain viable. The commercial market provides a variety of solutions to this increasingly common problem of legacy system modernization. However, understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each modernization technique is paramount to select the correct solution and the overall success of a modernization effort. This paper provides a survey of modernization techniques including screen scraping, database gateway, XML integration, database replication, CGI integration, object-oriented wrapping, and "componentization" of legacy systems. This general overview enables engineers performing legacy system modernization to preselect a subset of applicable modernization techniques for further evaluation.
TL;DR: In this article, an ethnographic documentation and analysis of the poetry and politics of heritage revival displayed in the invented tradition of camel racing in the oil-rich United Arab Emirates, viewed here as a representative case study of the wider Gulf.
Abstract: This article provides ethnographic documentation and analysis of the poetry and politics of heritage revival displayed in the invented tradition of camel racing in the oil-rich United Arab Emirates, viewed here as a representative case study of the wider Gulf. Preserving UAE heritage and maintaining national identity in the context of threatening forces of modernization constitute the dynamics of inventing this tradition, giving meaning to Badu (Bedouin) poetic voice and its politico-cultural discourse. The annual celebrations and activities surrounding the glorification of the thoroughbred camel as a cultural icon are given new meaning, rhetoric, and direction for a community reconstructing itself as a modern nation-state within shifting global contexts. (The Arab Gulf, United Arab Emirates, heritage revival, invented traditions, camel racing, cultural change) Oil wealth has transformed Arab Gulf societies in rapid and profound ways. It was not easy for centuries-old traditional, subsistence-based economic activities to adjust to the new oil economy, which became rapidly integrated within the aggressive capitalist global economy. Old economic industries and modes of material life collapsed, including pearling, fishing, sea trade, ship building, small-scale oasis agriculture, and pastoralism. In the case of the United Arab Emirates in the 1960s and 1970s, new socioeconomic realities were generated, as evidenced, for example, by the massive sedentarization of the Badu (Bedouin) in new villages and urban centers where they now enjoy the blessings of wealth and high-consumption, air-conditioned life. Within this new economic context, the previous benefits and uses of the camel, once essential to the Badu pastoral life ways, disappeared quite rapidly. The camel and its desert ecology were neglected and marginalized. In the new oil cultural ecology the camel that was once the all-wonderful, all-purpose, four-hoof driving animal gave way to the Toyota four-wheel driving machine. The metaphoric "ship of the desert' has retired from sailing across sand dunes and now is carried on wheels to various destinations in the Gull including the camel racetracks. The rapid marginalization of the camel throughout the Gulf during the early decades of the oil revolution in the 1960s and 1970s was halted significantly when the sudden demise of the camel pastoralist economy and its culture brought a realization of the importance of preserving and reviving elements of traditional culture. The Badu camel culture in general and racing camels in particular came to be part of a large-scale cultural revival. Racing camels, known locally as al-hejin (literally, breeds of fine quality), have returned in large numbers, carried by trucks from near and far throughout the Gulf to the large race tracks built recently near most major cities. In the UAE, during the long racing season from October to April, the slender, tall, greyhound-like hejin become the center of attention for locals and expatriates. Television screens (which now are common everywhere) bring this invented traditional sport to every family in the comfort of their own home. Equally important, the races bring the people involved in this growing national industry not only cultural capital, satisfaction, and social honor, but also material benefits: employment as breeders and trainers, and cash prizes such as four-wheelers and luxury cars like the Mercedes, BMW, and Lexus. This article aims to provide ethnographic documentation and analysis of the poetry and politics of heritage revival displayed in the traditions of camel racing in the oil-rich UAE. The UAE as an "imagined community" (Anderson 1998) rests on certain cultural, heritage-related foundations among which camel culture occupies a central position. This invention of camel culture in the celebration of annual camel festivals provides links to the historical past of the Emirates' pastoral way of life that has been swept away by oil-triggered modernization. …
TL;DR: This paper presented a view of nations as dynamic, long-term historical collectivities that structure the forms of modernity and rejected dominant modernist models of nation-formation because they tend to conflate nation with nation-state, to regard nations as homogeneous societies, and to depict nationformation in linear terms as an outgrowth of modernization.
Abstract: This article presents a view of nations as dynamic, long term historical collectivities that structure the forms of modernity. It rejects dominant modernist models of nation-formation because they tend to conflate nation with nation-state, to regard nations as homogeneous societies, and to depict nation-formation in linear terms as an outgrowth of modernization. Nationformation in the modern world has an episodic character. By examining the ethnic character of modern nations in la longue duree , we can identify more convincing recurring causes of national revivals, the role of persisting cultural differences within nations, and the fluctuating salience of national identities with respect to other social allegiances. This analysis throws light on the vexed questions of relationships between national identity and globalization.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discuss the failures of the development enterprise: frombasic needs, through participation in the world market, globalization, to local sustainability, and the past three decades have seen reformulations, coined to address the failures.
Abstract: When Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) subverted the mid-1970s social science scene with his concept of the world-system, development, the master concept of social theory, suffered a fatal blow. Wallersteins critique of development emphasized its misapplication as a national strategy in a hierarchical world where only some states can succeed. Wallersteins path-breaking epistemological challenge to the modernization paradigm reformulated the unit of analysis of development from the nation-state to the world-system. To be sure, the past three decades have seen reformulations, coined to address the failures of the development enterprise: frombasic needs, through participation in the world market, globalization, to local sustainability. But development, the organizing myth of our age, has never recovered.
Book•
01 Jan 2000
TL;DR: Rostow et al. as mentioned in this paper presented a study of the effects of international economic dependency on development and inequality in six developing countries: Haiti, Brazil, India, China, Iran, Nigeria, and Latin America.
Abstract: Preface. Acknowledgments. Introduction: J. Timmons Roberts and Amy Hite. Part I: Formative Ideas on the Transition to Modern Society:. 1. "Manifesto of the Communist Party" and "Alienated Labor": Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. 2. Selections from The Division of Labor in Society: Emile Durkheim. 3. The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism: Max Weber. Part II: How does Development Change People? Modernization Theories and the Intellectual Roots of the Development Project:. 4. Evolutionary Universals in Society: Talcott Parsons. 5. The Five Stages--of--Growth -- A Summary: W. W. Rostow. 6. From A Study of Slum Culture: Backgrounds for LA VIDA: Oscar Lewis. 7. Excerpts from The Passing of Traditional Society: Daniel Lerner. 8. Making Men Modern: On the Causes of Individual Change in Six Developing Countries: Alex Inkeles. 9. From The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics, and Political Order in Changing Societies: Samuel Huntington. Part III: Blaming The Victims? Dependency and World--Systems Theories Respond: . 10. The Development of Underdevelopment: Andre Gunder Frank. 11. Dependency and Development in Latin America: Fernando Henrique Cardoso and Enzo Faletto. 12. The Dynamics of Rural Poverty in Latin America: Alain de Janvry and Carlos Garramon. 13. The Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis: Immanuel Wallerstein. 14. The Effects of International Economic Dependence on Development and Inequality: A Cross--National Study: Christopher Chase--Dunn. 15. Rethinking Development Theory: Insights from East Asia and Latin America: Gary Gereffi. Part IV: Attempts to Understand Globalization and its Social Effects:. 16. The New International Division of Labor in the World Economy: Folker Frobel, Jurgen Heinrichs, and Otto Kreye. 17. Globalization: Myths and Realities: Philip McMichael. 18. Capitalism: The Factory of Fragmentation: David Harvey. 19. Introduction from Has Globalization Gone Too Far?: Dani Rodrik. 20. Gender Industrialization, Transnational Corporations and Development: An Overview of Trends and Patterns: Kathryn B. Ward and Jean Larson Pyle. 21. Development after Ecology: Bob Sutcliffe. 22. Social Movements and Global Capitalism: Leslie Sklair. 23. Neoliberalism and the Sociology of Development: Emerging Trends and Unanticipated Facts: Alejandro Portes. Index.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of new media in the Middle East and examine the role played by trust in Middle Eastern societies, where traditional state control of the information media has often meant that more reliance is placed on oral and unofficial means of communications, in the mosque, the coffeehouse, or the marketplace.
Abstract: Western assessments often suggest that the emergence of satellite television broadcasting, the Internet and other new media in the Middle East will profoundly change the political and social realities of the region. Such predictions may underestimate the important role played by trust in Middle Eastern societies, where traditional state control of the information media has often meant that more reliance is placed on oral and unofficial means of communications, in the mosque, the coffeehouse, or the marketplace. Just as the validity of the traditions of the Prophet Muhammad were supported by a system of isnad, or the chain of transmission, similarly oral sources of information in the Middle East today sometimes enjoy more credibility than written sources. With this in mind, the article examines the impact of new media in the region. The coming of the Internet and the mushrooming of satellite dishes on Arab rooftops have been heralded in the West as signs of the retreating Arab state, the rise of civil society, the emergence of the public sphere, and maybe a dawn of new politics.I Despite this excitement about modern means of communication and their impact on Arab polities, one is astonished by the disjunction between these pronouncements and the realities of Arab politics and Arab societies. This article is a response to an obvious puzzle concerning political communication, modern media, and their impact in the Arab world. If one looks at the Arab states, one never fails to notice that most Arab states control almost all means of mass communication: print, radio, and television. Naturally, as a result, one would expect that the language of those at the helm of the state would dominate the political language in the Arab world. Yet, the dominant language in Arab societies, at least in the past two decades, has been oppositionist and Islamist, or at least dominated by Islamic symbols. Given that states bar these groups from the various media, it is puzzling that their discourse is dominant. Thus, before making the linkage between the diffusion of state controlled, modern means of communication, and political change in the Arab world one has to contend with the following questions: Why is the Islamist discourse, despite lack of access to these modern means of communication, still dominant?; Why is it that state discourse is not taking hold, despite what is available to the elites in terms of means of mass communication and other instruments of social control?; Why is the hegemony of the Arab state weak?; What is the relationship between communication and trust? Before I answer these questions, I would like to contest the assumptions that link modern media to socio-political change in the Arab world on both theoretical and empirical grounds. Macro-sociologists and economic historians have disputed the relationship between technological change and openness of the political order or economic growth elsewhere. Contesting the relationship between openness and new technologies from a sociological standpoint, James Beniger argues that the information revolution came as a response to the crisis of control that resulted from the great flows of material and data that accompanied the industrial revolution.2 This pressing problem of movement of goods, information, and their processing required new means of control. This is why we had innovations such as the telegraph, telephone, assembly lines, and scientific management, he argues. The conclusions of Beniger's argument run against the assumption of both medium theory and modernization theory alike. Another argument challenging the direct correlation between technology and economic growth comes from a giant in the field of US economic history. In his book Railroads and American Economic Growth, Robert Fogel wrote, "despite its dramatically rapid and massive growth over a period of half a century ... the railroads did not make an overwhelming contribution to the production potential of the economy". …
Book•
07 Dec 2000
TL;DR: In this article, the authors define the public and private spheres of power in the United States, and present a model for the construction of "the social" and the problem of limits.
Abstract: Introduction: Writing the Nation I. REDEFINING THE PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SPHERES 1. Liberal Political Theory 2. The Construction of 'the Social' II. THE URBAN NOVEL 3. Mapping the City 4. Excess and the Problem of Limits 5. The Consumption of Natural Resources 6. Pathologizing the Bodily Economy III. THE RURAL NOVEL 7. Making Caciquismo Respectable 8. Patriarchy without the State 9. Problematizing the Natural Conclusion: Modernity and Representation
11 Oct 2000
TL;DR: This paper provides a survey of modernization techniques, including screen scraping, database gateways, XML integration, CGI integration, object-oriented wrapping and "componentization" of legacy systems.
Abstract: Information systems are critical assets for modern enterprises and incorporate key knowledge acquired over the life of an organization. These systems must be updated continuously to reflect evolving business practices. Unfortunately, repeated modification has a cumulative effect on system complexity, and the rapid evolution of technology quickly renders existing technologies obsolete. Eventually, the existing information systems become too fragile to modify and too important to discard. For this reason, organizations must consider modernizing these legacy systems to remain viable. The commercial market provides a variety of solutions to this increasingly common problem of legacy system modernization. Understanding the strengths and weaknesses of each modernization technique is paramount to select the correct solution and the overall success of a modernization effort. This paper provides a survey of modernization techniques, including screen scraping, database gateways, XML integration, CGI integration, object-oriented wrapping and "componentization" of legacy systems. This general overview enables engineers performing legacy system modernization to pre-select a subset of applicable modernization techniques for further evaluation.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the planned modernization of local government will extend further and into new areas the regulation of local authorities and that these elements are potentially contradictory and may produce tensions in the project that may be difficult to resolve.
Abstract: The modernization of local government is central to the government’s plans to revitalize the UK’s constitutional arrangements. Implicitly managerialist, the modernizing local government project also contains centralist and localist themes. Translated into policy, these themes are articulated as leadership, community, democracy and regulation. However, these elements are potentially contradictory and may produce tensions in the project that may be difficult to resolve. By reviewing the government’s aims to promote leadership, community and democracy in local government, it is also argued that the planned modernization of local government will extend further and into new areas the regulation of local authorities.
Journal Article•
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The relationship between the state and women in Republican Turkey has changed substantively since the early decades of the Republic of Turkey as mentioned in this paper, and women have developed a language with which they can now redefine their relationship to the state as individual women.
Abstract: "Even though women have not altered the fundamental understandings of secularism and nationalism in the country, they have exposed the limitations of these concepts. Women have developed a language with which they can now redefine their relationship to the state as individual women ..." The relationship between the state and women in Republican Turkey has changed substantively since the early decades of the Republic. It has been argued that women in Turkey were "emancipated but unliberated"(1) in the aftermath of the reforms initiated by the founding fathers of the Republic.(2) While women were given civil and political rights equal to men in the 1920s and 1930s, they remained confined by communal norms and customs. By the 1980s and thereafter, defiant daughters of the older generation demanded liberation: they sought autonomy from tradition and the right to speak up as individuals. Their calls for liberation took many shapes and helped liberate the public realm from the yoke of the state. After the establishment of the Republic, the founding fathers set out to modernize Turkey and to raise traditional society to the "level it deserved in the civilized world."(3) I. Sunar states that the process of modernization led to the "monopolization of the public domain by the regime ... and a fusion of the official and public domains."(4) As the modernization process bore fruit and the country became more integrated with the Western world, different types of women contested this monopoly. The reformist, albeit still dominating, state enabled women to become educated and enlightened, and in turn, to challenge the boundaries that the state had drawn. Women's demands allowed for the emergence of a new public space where the traditional bifurcation of private and public realms had to be redefined. Western institutions, values and norms were adopted, transformed and at times rejected as women became emancipated and later demanded to be liberated. This paper introduces the historical context of women's emancipation in the Republic of Turkey and then discusses how different women's groups expanded, transformed or perpetuated the parameters of the public realm with their different, at times seemingly contradictory, discourses for liberation. The focus of this article is on issues and concerns around which women voiced their differences from the founding fathers who "emancipated women," and not on politics in formal political institutions, such as political parties or parliament. THE CONTEXT OF WOMEN'S EMANCIPATION Turkey's movement toward modernity, which brought with it the emancipation of women, was different from modernization in other developing countries. Partha Chatterjee argues that in post-colonial nation-states, a national community is created to be different from that which is traditional, as well as unique from that which is Western.(5) The "traditional" is selectively adapted and transformed to be modern, but not Western. In the Turkish case, however, the founding fathers of the Republic sought to become Western as well as modern. Furthermore, the founding fathers exhibited creativity in "imagining" the national state by rejecting Islam, the traditional religion of the majority, and seeking to legitimize their project with a reference to the pre-Islamic Turkish past. This period was idealized, if not invented, to legitimize the 'Western values of secularism, equality and nationalism that the Turkish project of modernity sought to adopt. The modernity project was unique and indigenous, not because it revolted against the cultural hegemony of the West, but rather because it claimed that those Western values were actually Turkish. This was done, furthermore, in the context of a predominantly Islamic society. Women were crucial in this claim and in the reinvention of the national culture.(6) The Turkish intellectual Ziya Gokalp, who provided the ideological underpinnings of Turkish reforms following the founding of the Republic in 1923, argued that women had been considered equal to men among the pre-Islamic Turks in Central Asia, unlike during the Islamic-Ottoman period. …