Showing papers on "Murashige and Skoog medium published in 1990"
TL;DR: Activated charcoal in con- centrations as high as 5% was found to adsorb more than 97% of IAA and IBA in liquid MS, which has important implications for the preparation, storage, and handling of IBA and IAA in plant tissue culture.
Abstract: The relative stabilities of IAA and IBA under various tissue culture pro- cedures were determined. IBA was significantly more stable than IAA to autoclaving. IBA was also found to be more stable than IAA in liquid Murashige and Skoog medium (MS) under growth chamber conditions. The stabilities of IBA and IAA were similar in agar-solidifi ed MS. Light provided by cool-white fluorescent bulbs promoted deg- radation of IAA and IBA in both liquid and agar media. Activated charcoal in con- centrations as high as 5% was found to adsorb more than 97% of IAA and IBA in liquid MS. These results have important implications for the preparation, storage, and handling of IBA and IAA in plant tissue culture. Chemical names used: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA); indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Natural and synthetic auxins have been used
165 citations
TL;DR: The regeneration of plants from protoplasts of wheat isolated from a regenerable embryogenic suspension culture that was initiated from immature embryo-derived ‘aged’ compact callus produced healthy plants that were successfully transferred to soil and grown in the greenhouse.
Abstract: We describe the regeneration of plants from protoplasts of wheat isolated from a regenerable embryogenic suspension culture that was initiated from immature embryo-derived ‘aged’ compact callus. Proto-colonies were also obtained from a non-regenerable cell line established from friable callus that arose spontaneously on the aged callus, but did not give rise to any plants. Plating efficiencies well in excess of twenty percent were routinely obtained from protoplasts isolated from the regenerable as well as the non-regenerable cell lines in Kao and Michyaluk, as well as Murashige and Skoog based, nutrient media. Four to five week old protocolonies, derived from regenerable suspension culture protoplasts, formed distinct somatic embryos and shoots upon transfer to various regeneration media. Shoots were rooted on transfer to rooting media. Successive transfer of the plantlets to MS or half-strength MS medium, with or without activated charcoal, produced healthy plants that were successfully transferred to soil and grown in the greenhouse.
164 citations
TL;DR: Immature zygotic embryos from open-pollinated and selfed Carica papaya L. fruits produced somatic embryos that matured on half-strength MS medium, germinated onMS medium containing 5 mg l−1 kinetin, and grew large enough for greenhouse culture on MS medium.
Abstract: Immature zygotic embryos from open-pollinated and selfed Carica papaya L fruits, 90 to 114 days post-anthesis, produced 2 to 20 somatic embryos on apical domes, cotyledonary nodes, and radicle meristems after culture for three weeks on half-strength Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 01 to 25 mg l(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 400 mg l(-1) glutamine, and 6% sucrose After six weeks of culture, about 40 to 50% of the zygotic embryos had become embryogenic, and each embryogenic embryo yielded hundreds of somatic embryos within five months of culture on media supplemented with 2,4-D Somatic embryos matured on half-strength MS medium, germinated on MS medium containing 5 mg l(-1) kinetin, and grew large enough for greenhouse culture on MS medium Shoots were rooted in vermiculite and grown in the greenhouse
110 citations
TL;DR: The objective was to develop more efficient methods for producing oat haploids to use in selecting mutants, recovering aneuploids, and producing doubled-haploid lines for genetic and breeding studies.
Abstract: Only six haploids in oat (Avena sativa L.) have been previously reported, five of spontaneous origin and one from anther culture. Our objective was to develop more efficient methods for producing oat haploids to use in selecting mutants, recovering aneuploids, and producing doubled-haploid lines for genetic and breeding studies. In a series of experiments, pollen from maize (Zea mays L.) was applied to previously emasculated oat florets. Twelve to 15 d later excised ovaries/caryopses, or embryos taken from them, were placed onto an amino acid-supplemented Murashige and Skoog medium containing 7% sucrose for embryo rescue (...)
93 citations
TL;DR: An efficient protocol has been developed for the in vitro propagation of Bambusa tulda through shoot proliferation and continuous shoot proliferation at a rate of 4–5 fold every three weeks was achieved through forced axillary branching.
Abstract: An efficient protocol has been developed for the in vitro propagation of Bambusa tulda through shoot proliferation. Shoots from 3-week-old aseptically grown seedlings were used to initiate cultures. Multiple shoots were obtained on liquid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (8×10(-6)M) and kinetin (4×10(-6)M). Continuous shoot proliferation at a rate of 4-5 fold every three weeks was achieved through forced axillary branching. More than 90% of the shoots could be rooted on a modified MS medium containing indoleacetic acid (1×10(-5)M) and coumarin (6.8×10(-5)M). Following simple hardening procedures, the in vitro raised plants were transferred to the soil with more than 80% success.
90 citations
TL;DR: Even though the germination of these embryos is difficult, the team has been able to induce secondary embryos and regenerate fertile plants.
Abstract: We describe here a two step procedure which allows the easy isolation of somatic embryos from Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) hypocotyl tissues. Thin cell layers composed of the epidermis plus 3 to 6 parenchyma cell layers were incubated for 5 days in a basal Murashige and Skoog medium using an auxin to cytokinin weight ratio of 1/1. The epidermis layers were then transferred to a Gamborg medium containing a high level of sucrose. After one week of incubation in this medium, many somatic embryos started to be released from the parental epidermal tissue. Even though the germination of these embryos is difficult, we have been able to induce secondary embryos and regenerate fertile plants.
86 citations
TL;DR: Cytological analysis of regenerated plants showed normal diploid chromosome number in their root tips, and incorporation of different antibiotics such as carbenicillin, cefotaxime and streptomycin sulfate enhanced plant differentiation from somatic embryos.
Abstract: Cultured caryopses of finger millet (Eleusine coracana GAERTN) produced callus from shoot apices or mesocotyls depending upon the concentration of picloram and combination of cytokinins in MS basal medium. On subsequent subcultures, numerous somatic embryos differentiated from the callus on MS medium supplemented with picloram and kinetin. The embryos germinated into complete plants on medium devoid of phytohormones. When different carbohydrates were tested, basal medium containing glucose and sucrose produced the highest frequency of germinating somatic embryos. Supplementation of MS basal medium with a variety of aminoacids, osmotic agents and growth supplements had an adverse effect on the germination of embryos. Incorporation of different antibiotics such as carbenicillin, cefotaxime and streptomycin sulfate enhanced plant differentiation from somatic embryos. Cytological analysis of regenerated plants showed normal diploid chromosome number in their root tips.
81 citations
TL;DR: The modified MS medium containing lesser amounts of potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate than those of the original MS media was optimal for the production of plantlets from rhizomes of C. kanran without addition of auxin and cytokinin.
Abstract: Growth of Cymbidium kanran rhizome was enhanced by higher NAA:BAP ratios in modified Murashige & Skoog (MS) media. Only vegetative shoots resulted from rhizomes cultured in vitro when lower NAA:BAP ratios were used. The rhizomes were induced from the axils of leaves when shoots were explanted to medium containing higher concentrations of NAA. Root formation of C. kanran was inhibited by the addition of either auxin or cytokinin to the culture media. Differentiation of the rhizomes into plantlets occurred when the concentrations of ammonium nitrate and potassium nitrate in MS medium wewe reduced. The modified MS medium containing lesser amounts of potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate than those of the original MS media, and was optimal for the production of plantlets from rhizomes of C. kanran without addition of auxin and cytokinin.
80 citations
TL;DR: A simple procedure for regeneration of cucumber plants from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants has been developed and eighty-five percent of the mature somatic embryos formed showed a typical bipolar structure.
Abstract: A simple procedure for regeneration of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L. cv. Poinsett 76) from cotyledon and hypocotyl explants has been developed. Somatic embryogenesis was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) salts and vitamins medium supplemented with 2,4-D at 2.0 mg·liter -1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter -1 . Development of embryos was accomplished on MS medium with NAA at 1.0 mg·liter -1 and kinetin at 0.5 mg·liter -1 . Eighty-five percent of the mature somatic embryos formed showed a typical bipolar structure. All developed into morphologically normal plantlets when transferred to MS medium containing no growth regulators. Chemical name used: 2,4- dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Previous reports have described proce- dures for cucumber plant regeneration from leaf callus (Malepszy and Nadolska-Orczyk, 1983; Nadolska-Orczyk and Malepszy, 1984),
75 citations
TL;DR: Oak and linden plantlets produced from somatic embryos were successfully established in soil and Somatic embryos and plantlets were also regenerated from embryogenic cultures of Quercus petraea and Tilia platyphyllos.
Abstract: Embryogenic cultures and somatic embryos were obtained from immature zygotic embryos of oak (Quercus robur L.) cultured on a modified MS medium and WPM containing BAP (1 mg·l(-1)) and GA3 (1 mg·l(-1)) or BAP and IBA. Germination and conversion of oak somatic embryos into plantlets was achieved on WPM containing a reduced concentration of cytokinin. Linden (Tilia cordata Mill.) somatic embryos developed in embryogenic tissues initiated from immature zygotic embryos cultured on a modified MS medium supplemented with 2,4-D (0.3-2.0 mg·l(-1)). Germination of linden somatic embryos and plantlet formation occurred on MS medium containing a low concentration of IBA. Oak and linden plantlets produced from somatic embryos were successfully established in soil. Somatic embryos and plantlets were also regenerated from embryogenic cultures of Quercus petraea and Tilia platyphyllos.
73 citations
TL;DR: Two distinct types of somatic embryos were induced from the cotyledonary region of callused zygotic embryos of Feijoa sellowiana cultured in MS medium supplemented with a wide range of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid concentrations to induce somatic embryogenesis.
TL;DR: The callus derived from zygotic embryos on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2 pM BA and 0.5 pM IAA differentiated globular embryos developed into plantlets on the basal medium.
Abstract: In vitro multiplication of Podophyllum hexandrum Royle (Podophyllaceae) via somatic embryogenesis is reported. The callus derived from zygotic embryos on Murashige and Skoog medium containing 2 μM ...
TL;DR: With longer incubation on MS medium the shoot-forming capacity of the explants declined, and after 8 days it was completely lost, and the possible usefulness of B. juncea cotyledons as an experimental system for detailed studies of morphogenesis and genetic transformation is discussed.
TL;DR: Green calli regenerated large numbers of green plants after more than four years and were totipotent after 19 months in newly initiated sugarcane callus cultures.
Abstract: Long-term regeneration of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid and Saccharum spontaneum L.) callus cultures was achieved by selection of green callus on MS agar medium containing 0.5 mgl-1 picloram or 2,4-D. Newly initiated sugarcane callus cultures were a complex mixture of different tissue types including white, nonregenerative and green, regenerative tissues. The proportion of the tissue types changed as a function of time in culture, genotype, and amount and kind of auxin. Green callus on picloram media always regenerated green plants. Nine hybrids and ten wild relatives of sugarcane produced green calli on picloram media whereas only three hybrids were grown as green calli on 2,4-D media in long-term culture. Green calli were inoculated into liquid MS medium with 0.5 mgl-1 picloram for suspension culture. These cultures were totipotent after 19 months. For routine culture, we initiated callus cultures on modified MS medium with 3 mgl-1 2,4-D, then in two to three weeks we subcultured callus on MS medium with 0.5 mgl-1 picloram and selected for green callus. Green calli regenerated large numbers of green plants after more than four years.
TL;DR: Microspore embryogenesis of rice (both indica and japonica types) was induced in culture yielding more than 200 green plants, and direct embryo germination and more frequently plant regeneration with multiple tillers have been obtained through secondary embryogenesis.
TL;DR: Multiple shoots were obtained from nodal and shoot tip segments of 10 to 15-day-old seedlings of Syzygium cuminii L. on Murashige & Skoog revised medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine and regenerated plantlets have been acclimatized and successfully transferred into the soil.
Abstract: Multiple shoots were obtained from nodal and shoot tip segments of 10 to 15-day-old seedlings of Syzygium cuminii L. on Murashige & Skoog (MS) revised medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) (0.23–8.90 μM) singly or in combination with α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Excised shoots were placed for root induction on MS medium containing NAA and/or IBA and then transferred to MS basal medium to form complete plantlets. The regenerated plantlets have been acclimatized and successfully transferred into the soil.
TL;DR: Somatic embryos of the cut rose cultivars ‘Domingo’ and ‘Vickey Brown’ were obtained from callus derived from leaf explants on half strength Murashige and Skoog medium with low concentrations of kinetin and 1-naphthyl acetic acid or 2-nAPHthyloxyacetic acid.
Abstract: Somatic embryos of the cut rose cultivars 'Domingo' and 'Vickey Brown' were obtained from callus derived from leaf explants on half strength Murashige and Skoog medium with low concentrations of kinetin and 1-naphthyl acetic acid or 2-naphthyloxyacetic acid. Somatic embryos were first observed after 6 to 12 weeks of culture on callus formed at the basis or midrib of the leaf. Embryos could be grown to phenotypically true to type greenhouse plants.
TL;DR: Histological studies revealed that proliferating somatic embryos or buds originated directly from the cotyledons, without an intermediate callus stage, and the cultivars «Bemol» and «Mini» were among the lines that could not be regenerated.
TL;DR: A procedure for in vitro propagation of dioecious papaya clones is described and a high rate of success in culture estbalishment was obtained when axillary buds were taken from lateral shoots of hedged rooted cuttings grown in a greenhouse.
Abstract: A procedure for in vitro propagation of dioecious papaya clones is described. A high rate of success in culture estbalishment was obtained when axillary buds were taken from lateral shoots of hedged rooted cuttings grown in a greenhouse. Seasonal endophytic contamination was suppressed by shaking propagules for 24 h in 300 mgl-1 rifampicin or by incorporating it at 50 mgl-1 into the medium. Murashige & Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 0.5 mgl-1 6-benzyladenine and 0.1 mgl-1 naphthaleneacetic acid was used for establishment and proliferation. The addition of 160 mgl-1 adenine sulfate improved multiplication and shoot growth. An elongation stage on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 kinetin and 0.05 mgl-1 naphthaleneacetic acid was necessary before rooting. Rooting was obtained at a high rate on half-strength macroelements of MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-1 indole-3-butyric acid. Commercial plots of papaya plants obtained through this procedure already exist.
TL;DR: Continuous trials using explants from the elite trees throughout the year showed that the period between July–September was the best season for the explant source for rapid and increased multiplication of axillary buds.
Abstract: Axillary shoot bud multiplication has been achieved in Eucalyptus tereticornis Smith. using explants from different regions of 8–10 years old elite trees, growing in the field. Results showed that addition of NAA at 0.1 mgl-1 and BAP at 1.0 mgl-1 to modified MS medium induced maximum number of shoot buds. For inducing axial growth in regenerated bud promordia, the hormone concentration of the medium was lowered. The addition of charcoal and gibberellic acid to the medium were beneficial. Rooting was best in Knop's medium containing 1.0 mgl-1 IBA. The key factor in root induction was primarily a dark incubation for a short period. The percentage of both rooting of shoots and survival of the rooted shoots was 60–80.
TL;DR: Plantlets were recovered from axillary bud cultures of muscadine grape and MS medium supplemented with IBA enhanced rooting by increasing rooting percentage and number per plantlet and shoot vigor during rooting was greater in shoots proliferated on medium.
Abstract: Plantlets were recovered from axillary bud cultures of muscadine grape (Vitis rotundifolia, 'Summit'). Nodal segments 0.5 to 1.0 cm long were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium supplemented with 5, 10, 20, or 40 µM BA. Best total shoot production was obtained with 10 µ M BA; with higher BA levels, shoots were unexpanded and exhibited high mortalities. MS medium supplemented with IBA enhanced rooting by increasing rooting percentage and number per plantlet. Shoots previously proliferated on medium with 5 µ M BA rooted signif- icantly better than those multiplied on 10 µM BA. Shoot vigor during rooting was greater in shoots proliferated on 5 vs. 10 µM BA. Root development was not significantly affected by liquid vs. agar-solidifted medium or shoot length. Chemical names used: N-(phenylmethyl) -1H-purin-6-amine (BA), 1H-indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
TL;DR: Some factors involved in shoot elongation and leaf enlargement of adventitious apple shoots in vitro were investigated and leaf expansion was significantly improved when shoots were grown on proliferation medium with either 2-isopentyladenine or kinetin alone.
Abstract: Some factors involved in shoot elongation and leaf enlargement of adventitious apple shoots in vitro were investigated. A system was established to produce large numbers of adventitious shoots for this study. Leaves were harvested from proliferating cultures of three apple scion cultivars, cut into two segments, and plated onto three regeneration media. Adventitious shoots formed best on a modified Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with thidiazuron (3 |iM) and naphthaleneacetic acid (5.4 ^M). Large (15+ mm width) leaves regenerated significantly better than smaller ones. The cut surface of the leaf segments produced the highest number of regeneration sites. Shoot proliferation medium with 6-benzylaminopurine (4.44 (iM) and kinetin (13.95 (xM) was significantly better than the other media for producing tall shoots and satisfactory proliferation. Leaf expansion was significantly improved when shoots were grown on proliferation medium with either 2-isopentyladenine or kinetin alone.
TL;DR: Shoot-tip cultures of Quince C (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) initiated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium containing 5 μM BA and 0.6% Phytagar showed both shoot-tip necrosis and severe vitrification, while increasing medium Ca or agar levels reduced vitrification.
Abstract: Shoot-tip cultures of Quince C (Cydonia oblonga Mill.) initiated on Murashige & Skoog (MS) medium containing 5 μM BA and 0.6% Phytagar showed both shoot-tip necrosis and severe vitrification. Culturing explants on medium containing 1.2% Phytagar and Ca levels of 3 mM (MS medium), 18 mM and 30 mM showed a decrease in growth with increasing medium Ca levels, being especially severe at 30 mM. The Ca content of the explants increased linearly with increasing medium Ca. Culturing explants on medium containing 3 mM, 9 mM, and 18 mM Ca at 0.6, 0.9, and 1.2% agar resulted in reduction in growth, shoot-tip necrosis, and vitrification when either factor was increased. The reduction in shoot-tip necrosis could be accounted for primarily by an increase in medium Ca levels but may also be affected by a change in explant growth. Increasing Ca concentration in the medium resulted in a linear increase in explant K, Ca, Mg, and B levels and a decrease in Mn and Na. Although increasing medium Ca or agar levels reduced vitrification, it is unclear whether they were the direct cause of the reduction in vitrification or whether this response was an effect of the reduction in culture fresh weight.
TL;DR: A procedure for rapid propagation of Agave (A. cantala Roxb., A. fourcroydes Lem. and A. sisalana Perrine) has been developed and subcultures of these on the same medium were successful for the multiplication with an index of 3–4 times per 4 weeks subculture period.
Abstract: A procedure for rapid propagation of Agave (A. cantala Roxb., A. fourcroydes Lem. and A. sisalana Perrine, (Agavaceae) have been developed. The explants were excised from stolon plantlets, sterilized and cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 2% sucrose, 10% coconut water and 0.8% agar. The addition of following combination of growth substances—0.075 mgl-1 naphthalenacetic acid (NAA)+0.1 mgl-1 indolylbutyric acid (IBA)+0.5 mgl-1 kinetin (KIN) caused an extensive proliferation of multiple shoot primordia. Subcultures of these on the same medium were successful for the multiplication with an index of 3–4 times per 4 weeks subculture period. Shoots were rooted on hormone free MS medium and then transferred into a sand bed for acclimation before field planting.
TL;DR: Nodal explants of mulberry, bearing an axillary bud, and obtained from in vitro raised seedlings were used to initiate shoot cultures and exhibited highly significant differences in the rate of shoot multiplication.
TL;DR: Protoplasts isolated from embryogenic calli of Asparagus officinalis L. cv.
Abstract: Protoplasts were isolated from embryogenic calli of Asparagus officinalis L. cv. Mary Washington and cultured in 1/2 MS medium with 1 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l zeatin, 1 g/l L-glutamine, 0.6 M glucose and 0.1% Gellan Gum. Protoplasts started to divide after 3–4 d of culture and formed visible colonies after 30 d of culture. The percentage of colony formation (plating efficiency) was 7.2%. The colonies were then transferred onto Gellan Gum-solidified MS medium containing 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 3% sucrose for further growth. Somatic embryos were induced from all colonies of 0.5–1.0 mm size after transferring to 1/2 MS medium lacking growth regulators. After treating these somatic embryos (1–3 mm) in distilled water for a week, 30–40% of them germinated normally and grew into plantlets 20–30 d after transplanting on 1/2 MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA, 1 mg/l GA3 and 1% sucrose. These protoplast-derived plants were diploid with 20 chromosomes.
TL;DR: Time taken from plating protoplasts to obtaining plantlets is 8–10 weeks, using this procedure, several hundred regenerated plants have been hardened in a growth chamber and transferred to soil.
Abstract: Protoplasts derived from hypocotyls of seedlings grown on half-strength MS medium containing 1% sucrose were cultured at a density of 5×104 ml-1 in Kao's medium supplemented with 1.0 mgl-12,4-D, 0.1 mgl-1 NAA and 0.5 mgl-1 zeatin riboside. After three days of culture in darkness at 25±1°C, cultures were transferred to light (70 μEm-2s-1) in a 16/8 h ligo ht/dark cycle. Cultures were diluted on the 7th, 10th and 13th day with Kao's medium containing 3.4% sucrose, 0.1 mgl-1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 1.0 mgl-1 benzyladenine. On the fifteenth day, microcalli were plated on K3 medium gelled with 0.5% agarose (Type 1, low EEO, Sigma). After a further period of two weeks, transfers were made to specific media to achieve either organogenesis or somatic embryogenesis. Time taken from plating protoplasts to obtaining plantlets is 8–10 weeks. Using this procedure, several hundred regenerated plants have been hardened in a growth chamber and transferred to soil.
TL;DR: Petiolar stub removal promoted de novo shoot organogenesis from the resulting lamina wound and shoot outgrowth was promoted by the isolation and subculture of regenerating tissue to fresh regeneration medium.
Abstract: 2 -1 . The youngest leaf that could be excised, from 1 to 8 mm long, was the most responsive (90% of explants producing shoots compared to 16% for leaf 6). Removal of the lamina from the petiolar stub within the first 3 weeks of culture reduced shoot production. Increase in nodal culture age, without transfer to fresh medium, had no effect on subsequent regeneration from the youngest leaves but did reduce the regeneration frequency of leaves at the next position from 43% to 20%. In regularly subculture nodal cultures, the number of transfers had no effect on subsequent regeneration. Leaves from recently established shoot tip cultures were more responsive than leaves from nodal cultures. The frequency of shoot production was higher in laterally bisected than intact leaves (70% vs. 43%) due to additional regeneration from the distal leaf half at the sites of severed veins. Shoot outgrowth was promoted by the isolation and subculture of regenerating tissue to fresh regeneration medium. Petiolar stub removal promoted de novo shoot organogenesis from the resulting lamina wound. Shoots rooted at a high frequency on Murashige and Skoog medium with 1 mg IA-A/liter and produced morphologically normal plants. Chemical names used: 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP); indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The use of gene transfer for plant improvement depends on the development of appropriate techniques for the introduction of genes into the plant genome. Common to most methods of gene transfer is the requirement for tissue culture systems that permit the regeneration of whole plants from transgenic tissues. With Agrobacterium-medjated gene transfer in particular, it is critical that regeneration occur at a wound site and at high fre- quency.
TL;DR: A new, endosperm-supported callus induetion method was developed using mesocotyls of mature wheat embryos, and as shown by histological methods, the plantlets regenerated via organogenesis.
Abstract: A new, endosperm-supported callus induetion method was developed using mesocotyls of mature wheat embryos. After seed germination under aseptic condition, most of the germ tissues were cut off and only a few mm of the mesocotyl tissue with the scutellum was used for callus induction. The seeds were placed furrow downwards in 2,4-D solution (6–8 mg l-1). Proliferating callus tissues were already observed on the cut surface of the mesocotyls on the 2nd day after inoculation. On the MS nutrient medium, callus formation from the isolated scutella with attached mesocotyls was negligible even after 6 days. For shoot and root regeneration, the calli produced up to 10 days were removed from the seeds and transferred onto a hormone-free MS medium. As shown by histological methods, the plantlets regenerated via organogenesis.
TL;DR: Calli were obtained from Ginkgo biloba embryos grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium and best growth and maintenance of callus cultures were achieved using MS medium supplemented with 2 mg·L−1 NAA and 1 mg· L−1 K (N2K1MS).
Abstract: Calli were obtained from Ginkgo biloba embryos grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium. The G. biloba cells could grow on either MS or Gamborg B5 mineral salt medium supplemented with sucrose (3% and 2%, respectively) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and kinetin (K) in concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 2.0 mg·L−1. Best growth and maintenance of callus cultures were achieved using MS medium supplemented with 2 mg·L−1 NAA and 1 mg·L−1 K (N2K1MS). Light was required to maintain healthy growth of the callus tissue.