Showing papers on "Personality published in 1971"

Test anxiety and direction of attention.

Abstract: The literature reviewed suggests an attentional interpretation, of the adverse effects which test anxiety has on task performance. During task performance the highly test-anxious person divides his attention between self-relevant and task-relevant variables, in contrast to the low-test-anxious person who focuses his attention more fully on the task. This interpretation was supported by literature from diverse areas suggesting that (a) highly anxious persons are generally more self-preoccupied than are people low in anxiety; (b) the selffocusing tendencies of highly test-anxious persons are activated in testing situations; (c) those situational conditions in which the greatest performance differences occur are ones which elicit the self-focusing tendencies of highly test-anxious subjects, and the task-focusing tendencies of low-anxious subjects; (d) research examining the relationship between anxiety and task variables suggests that anxiety reduces the range of task cues utilized in performance; (e) \"worry,\" an attentionally demanding cognitive activity, is more debilitating of task performance than is autonomic arousal. Treatment and research implications of this attentional interpretation of test anxiety are briefly discussed.

The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders

Abstract: Psychoanalyst, teacher, and scholar, Heinz Kohut was one of the twentieth century's most important intellectuals. A rebel according to many mainstream psychoanalysts, Kohut challenged Freudian orthodoxy and the medical control of psychoanalysis in America. In his highly influential book "The Analysis of the Self", Kohut established the industry standard of the treatment of personality disorders for a generation of analysts. This volume, best known for its groundbreaking analysis of narcissism, is essential reading for scholars and practitioners seeking to understand human personality in its many incarnations.

Personality and Consumer Behavior: A Review

Abstract: Marketing researchers have repeatedly attempted to relate purchasing behavior, media choice, innovation, and other marketing phenomena to personality, with varying degrees of success. This article ...

Review of the Internal-External Control Construct as a Personality Variable

Abstract: This review of recent research concerning Rotter's concept of internal-external control of reinforcement is divided into 12 areas: the Internal-External (I-E) Control Scale, personality, attempts t...

Introduction to personality

Abstract: Part I: Introduction 1 Orientation to Personality Part II: Psychodynamic Approaches 2 Psychodynamic Theories: Freud's Conceptions 3 Ego Psychology and Object Relations 4 Psychodynamic Personality Assessment 5 Psychodynamic Processes Part III: Trait and Biological Approaches 6 Trait Theories: Conceptions 7 Measuring Individual Differences 8 Genetic and Biochemical Roots of Personality 9 Traits: Biological Bases and Behavioral Expressions Part IV: Phenomenological Approaches 10 Phenomenological Conceptions 11 The Internal View Part V: Behavioral Approaches 12 Behavioral Conceptions 13 Analyzing Behavior 14 Behavior Change Part VI: Social Cognitive--Affective Approaches 15 Social Cognitive--Affective Conceptions 16 Cognitive--Affective Processes 17 Self--Regulation and Control 18 Person--Situation Interaction Part VII: Summary Evaluation Epilogue and Perspective Glossary References Literary Credits Photo Credits Name Index Subject Index

Where is the person in personality research

Abstract: Constraints upon inquiry in personality imposed by current research methods were examined by (a) a survey of empirical work published in two major personality journals and (b) a consideration of methodological and ethical issues raised in recent research criticism. Review of samples, research procedures, and social-psychological context in 226 empirical studies revealed that current methodological practices arc incapable of approaching questions of real importance in personality and involve serious problems beyond those noted in recent research criticism. Recent proposals for methodological reforms offer only partial solutions and require further attention to the personal involvement and responsibility of investigators. This paper proposes a conceptual schema for ordering personality research strategies, a distinction between \"contractual\" and \"collaborative\" models of subject-experimenter relationships, and suggestions for increasing the relevance and responsibility of personality research.

Psychosocial Homeostasis and Jen: Conceptual Tools for Advancing Psychological Anthropology

Abstract: Personality is a Western concept rooted in individualism. The basic importance accorded it in psychological anthropology has obscured our understanding of how Western man lives in Western society and culture, or how any man lives in any society and culture. What is missing is the central ingredient in the human mode of existence: man's relationship with his fellow men. The concepts of psychosocial homeostasis and jen are designed to extricate our subdiscipline from this intellectual prison. The first describes the process whereby every human individual tends to seek certain kinds of affective involvement with some of his fellow humans. The second refers to the internal and external limits of the individual's affective involvement. With the aid of five major hypotheses based on these concepts, a review is made in a new light of familiar facts drawn from China, the United States, and Japan.

Chinese-American Personality And Mental Health

Abstract: (1971). Chinese-American Personality And Mental Health. Amerasia Journal: Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 36-49.

Television Show Preference: Application of a Choice Model

Abstract: A model of preferences based on specific product attributes is examined and found to be more powerful than predictions based on personality measures and demographics

Developmental and Cross-Cultural Differences in the Cooperative and Competitive Behavior of Young Children

Abstract: A two-person experimental task was developed for use in the study of age and cultural differences in the cooperative-competitive behavior of children in a small Mexican town and in California. The results indicate a higher level of cooperation among Mexican than among Anglo-American children and an increase in nonadaptive competition with age among the Anglo-American children.

A Longitudinal Study of Changes in Ego Identity Status during the Freshman Year at College.

Abstract: Erikson described adolescence as the period of the life cycle when an individual's ego identity is most likely to undergo significant change. A longitudinal study involving 92 male college freshmen was conducted to assess the pattern of changes in ego identity status during the freshman year. Possible antecedent conditions associated with changes in status were also investigated. A positive developmental shift was observed for changes in identity status in the area of occupation while a retrogressive shift was found with regard to ideology. In addition, the hypotheses concerning psychological differences between individuals who changed their identity status and those that did not were supported. These differences involved personality characteristics which predated any of the observed changes in status.

Personality Variables and Cigarette Brand Choice

Abstract: An analysis of smoker personality traits and brand preferences identifies relationships of significant magnitude and logical direction and highlights the crucial role of moderator variables.

The Relation of Pain to the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Cornell Medical Index and Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis

Abstract: The relationships between pain, its communication, personality, physical symptoms and attitudes to disease have been explored in 52 women with carcinoma of the cervix. Three groups emerged: those who were pain-free, and those who experienced pain but did, or did not, communicate this to nursing staff. Mean EPI neuroticism and extraversion scores of all patients were comparable with those of normal housewives. Lie scale scores did not differ between the three groups, but trends indicate that the presence of a raised neuroticism score is a prerequisite for the development of a `social desirability set' indicated by a raised L score. Current concepts concerning the significance of N and E personality factors are discussed and related to the score patterns obtained for each group. Pain-free patients had low N and high E scores, indicating a low degree of emotionality coupled with the potential to communicate freely. The second group, who experienced pain but did not complain, had high N and low E scores, indicating increased emotionality and a tendency not to communicate their distress. The third group, who experienced pain, complained to nursing staff and received analgesic drugs had high N and E scores. The first two groups are regarded as non-complainers, and the third as complainers. CMI results support the contention that awareness of symptoms of disease follows a life pattern dependent upon personality structure. Those from the Whiteley Index of Hypochondriasis indicate that denial is strong in all patients and that the spectrum of hypochondriacal attitudes increases in the presence of pain and other symptoms.

Personality types among abnormal homicides

Abstract: The main personality types occurring among abnormal homicides were determined by means of a cluster analysis of MMPI profiles of fifty-six Broadmoor patients. The analysis yielded four independent profile types, by which it was possible to classify four-fifths of the sample. These were identified as: (1) an over-controlled-repressor type characterised by an absence of reported disturbance, but a marked tendency to make use of denial and avoidance mechanisms; (2) a paranoid-aggressive type showing severe and wide spread psychopathology and poor impulse control; (3) a depressed-inhibited type who reveal subjective depression, social withdrawal and inhibition; ( a psychopathic group who are extraverted, extra-punitive and impulsive, but who do not reveal any significant subjective distress. Significant differences were found between the groups on background variables, suggesting that the typology is meaningful. It was suggested that Types 1 and 3 on the one hand, and 2 and 4 on the other represent broad categories of over-controlled and under-controlled personalities. The presence of a substantial number of over-controlled personalities is consistent with a theory linking instigation and personality type to extreme aggression.

Relationship between sleep habits, adrenocortical activity and personality.

Abstract: &NA; Psychologic stress is known to be associated with both sleep disturbances and increased adrenocortical activity. In this experiment, 2 groups of male medical students were selected as poor or good sleepers on the basis of their responses to a sleep questionnaire. The poor sleepers had significantly greater levels of adrenocortical activity than did the good sleepers throughout the day and night. This difference was related to psychologic characteristics. The general level of activation of the central nervous system, largely reflecting one's personality and life situation, may determine one's usual sleep habits as well as the level of adrenocortical activity.

Personality and Sexual Adjustment

Abstract: Some 800 unmarried male and female students were administered a personality inventory measuring psychoticism, extraversion and neuroticism, as well as a 98 item questionnaire of sexual attitudes. Factor analysis showed that some 15 factors were sufficient to account for the attitudes sampled; most of these were similar for the two sexes. High- and low-scorers on the three personality variables were compared for their responses to the attitude items, and numerous highly significant differences were found; similarly, male and female students' responses were compared. Personality scores were found to be correlated with some of the sex attitude factors. In general, high N scorers showed the greatest degree of pathology, followed by high P scorers; extraverts showed an absence of pathology. P scorers showed strong libidinal desires. These and many other findings are considered in the context of the writer's personality theory which had provided certain tentative predictions about the sexual attitudes and behaviour of different personality types.

Personality and Innovation Proneness

Abstract: Attempts at relating personality variables to consumer behavior have generally been disappointing [1, 2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 13, 14, 16, 17, 20, 29, 31]. Robertson and Myers [24, p. 167] concluded "that at best personality variables, as measured by a standardized, normative, selfdesignating personality inventory, have little, if any, relationship to innovative behavior." However, acceptance of the conclusion that personality variables have little, if any, explanatory value or predictive utility with respect to consumer behavior would be without justification. Investigators in the typical study of this relationship usually administer a broad-coverage personality inventory and attempt to correlate responses with statements of product use or preference. However, in most cases, no a priori thought is directed to how, or especially why, personality should or should not be related to given aspects of consumer behavior. Moreover, most of the studies which report statistically significant findings usually do so on the basis of post-hoc picking and choosing out of large data arrays [4, 17, 18, 29]. Many investigators naively and unreasonably assume that, given both the general hypothesis that behavior is determined to a certain extent by personality and the availability of an easy-to-administer personality inventory, differentiation among groups of consumers should be possible; if not, they assume that the general hypothesis fails. Usually, results obtained are inconclusive or at best mildly suggestive. However, if investigators selected specific personality traits based on theoretically derived hypotheses, made specific predictions on the interactions of these traits with specific aspects of consumer behavior, and utilized experimental rather than correlational paradigms, the likelihood of obtaining significant, meaningful, and usable findings would be enhanced.