Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 2005"

The thing and I: understanding the relationship between user and product

Abstract: We currently witness a growing interest of the Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) community in user experience. It has become a catchphrase, calling for a holistic perspective and an enrichment of traditional quality models with non-utilitarian concepts, such as fun, joy, pleasure, hedonic value or ludic value. In the same vein, literature on experiential marketing stresses that a product should not longer be seen as simply delivering a bundle of functional features and benefits—it provides experiences. Customers want products that dazzle their senses, touch their hearts and stimulate their minds. Even though the HCI community seems to embrace the notion that functionality and usability is just not enough, we are far from having a coherent understanding of what user experience actually is.

Micro‐Practices of Strategic Sensemaking and Sensegiving: How Middle Managers Interpret and Sell Change Every Day*

Abstract:  This paper looks at the workings of ongoing primary sensemaking and sensegiving micro-practices by which middle managers interpret and sell strategic change at the organizational interface. Through middle managers’ routines and conversations related to the implementation of a strategic change in a top-of-the-line clothing company, the article shows how they contribute to renewing links with stakeholders, in particular clientele, by drawing on their tacit knowledge. Interpretative analysis of these routines and conversations highlights four micropractices of strategic sensemaking and sensegiving: translating the orientation, overcoding the strategy, disciplining the client, and justifying the change. The paper outlines a practice perspective of sensemaking and sensegiving. It ends by suggesting the necessity of looking at middle managers’ role as interpreters and sellers of strategic change at the micro level for a better understanding of their contribution in sustaining competitive advantage through their everyday activities.

Working memory and intelligence: the same or different constructs?

Abstract: Several investigators have claimed over the past decade that working memory (WM) and general intelligence (g) are identical, or nearly identical, constructs, from an individual-differences perspective. Although memory measures are commonly included in intelligence tests, and memory abilities are included in theories of intelligence, the identity between WM and intelligence has not been evaluated comprehensively. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 86 samples that relate WM to intelligence. The average correlation between true-score estimates of WM and g is substantially less than unity (p=.479). The authors also focus on the distinction between short-term memory and WM with respect to intelligence with a supplemental meta-analysis. The authors discuss how consideration of psychometric and theoretical perspectives better informs the discussion of WM-intelligence relations.

The Competitive Destination: a Sustainable Tourism Perspective

Abstract: As the title of this book identifies clearly, the authors combine the concepts of competitiveness and sustainability, which some may feel are difficult to reconcile, to provide guidance to enhance the management of tourism destinations. The contents of this book are not novel for it does not contain new insights on the topics that are covered or fresh case studies. However, it is innovative in that it introduces, within the same document, competitiveness and sustainability, embellishes these concepts and uses them to develop a conceptual framework. The explication of this framework is both the objective and content of the book. The focus is upon tourism destinations. The emphasis is on places with multiple attractions and accommodation establishments but the framework has applicability to countries and larger regions; states counties and smaller places; and there is also much of utility to the individual operator. The authors are devotees of Porter whose seminal works underpin their thinking, albeit with modifications to fit tourism.

Life stress, the "kindling" hypothesis, and the recurrence of depression: considerations from a life stress perspective.

Abstract: Major depression is frequently characterized by recurrent episodes over the life course. First lifetime episodes of depression, however, are typically more strongly associated with major life stress than are successive recurrences. A key theoretical issue involves how the role of major life stress changes from an initial episode over subsequent recurrences. The primary conceptual framework for research on life stress and recurrence of depression is the "kindling" hypothesis (R. M. Post, 1992). Despite the strengths of the kindling hypothesis, a review of the research literature reveals inconsistencies and confusion about life stress and its implications for the recurrence of depression. Adopting a life stress perspective, the authors introduce 3 major themes that resolve the inconsistencies in the current literature. They integrate these themes and extrapolate the ideas with available data to develop a preliminary framework for evaluating competing explanatory models and to guide research on life stress and the recurrence of depression.

Motivational Interviewing and Self–Determination Theory

Abstract: Motivational interviewing has become widely adopted as a counseling style for promoting behavior change; however, as yet it lacks a coherent theoretical framework for understanding its processes and efficacy. This article proposes that self–determination theory (SDT) can offer such a framework. The principles of motivational interviewing and SDT are outlined and the parallels between them are drawn out. We show how both motivational interviewing and SDT are based on the assumption that humans have an innate tendency for personal growth toward psychological integration, and that motivational interviewing provides the social–environmental facilitating factors suggested by SDT to promote this tendency. We propose that adopting an SDT perspective could help in furthering our understanding of the psychological processes involved in motivational interviewing.

Efficiency in Learning: Evidence-Based Guidelines to Manage Cognitive Load

Abstract: Contents of the CD-ROM Acknowledgments Introduction PART ONE AN INTRODUCTION TO EFFICIENCY IN LEARNING 1 Cognitive Load and Efficiency in Learning 2 The Psychology of Efficiency PART TWO BASIC GUIDELINES FOR MANAGING (IRRELEVANT) COGNITIVE LOAD 3 Use Visuals and Audio Narration to Exploit Working Memory Resources 4 Focus Attention and Avoid Split Attention 5 Weed Your Training to Manage Limited Working Memory Capacity 6 Provide External Memory Support to Reduce Working Memory Load 7 Use Segmenting, Sequencing, and Learner Pacing to Impose Content Gradually 8 Transition from Worked Examples to Practice to Impose Mental Work Gradually PART THREE INSTRUCTIONAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPOSING RELEVANT COGNITIVE LOAD 9 Put Working Memory to Work with Germane Load PART FOUR TAILORING INSTRUCTION TO LEARNER EXPERTISE 10 Accommodate Differences in Learner Expertise 11 Use Rapid Testing to Adapt e-Learning to Learner Expertise PART FIVE COGNITIVE LOAD THEORY IN PERSPECTIVE 12 Applying Cognitive Load Theory 13 The Evolution of Cognitive Load Theory: A Personal Perspective by John Sweller Appendix: All About the Numbers Glossary References About the Authors Index List of Figures and Tables How to Use the CD-ROM

The social identity perspective

Abstract: The historical development, metatheoretical background, and current state of the social identity perspective in social psychology are described. Although originally an analysis mainly of intergroup relations between large-scale social categories, and more recently an analysis with a strong social cognitive emphasis, this article shows that the social identity perspective is intended to be a general analysis of group membership and group processes. It focuses on the generative relationship between collective self-conception and group phenomena. To demonstrate the relevance of the social identity perspective to small groups, the article describes social identity research in a number of areas: differentiation within groups; leadership; deviance; group decision making; organizations; computermediated communication; mobilization, collective action, and social loafing; and group culture. These are the areas in which most work has been done and which are therefore best placed for further developments in the near future.

Sociometer theory and the pursuit of relational value: Getting to the root of self-esteem

Abstract: Despite the amount of attention that researchers have devoted to the topic of self-esteem, many central questions remain unanswered. Sociometer theory addresses many such questions by suggesting that self-esteem is part of a psychological system (the sociometer) that monitors the social environment for cues indicating low or declining relational evaluation (e.g., lack of interest, disapproval, rejection) and warns the individual when such cues are detected. The theory suggests that people are not motivated to maintain their self-esteem per se as has been typically assumed, but rather seek to increase their relational value and social acceptance, using self-esteem as a gauge of their effectiveness. The present chapter describes sociometer theory's perspective on self-esteem, reviews evidence relevant to the theory, and describes how it explains phenomena in which self-esteem has been implicated, including interpersonal emotion, social identity effects, intergroup behaviour, and clinical disorders.

Development of psychopathology: A vulnerability-stress perspective.

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgments I. OVERVIEW AND FOUNDATIONS 1. Conceptualizing the Role of Stressors in the Development of Psychopathology - Kathryn E. Grant and Susan D. McMahon 2. Vulnerability-Stress Models - Rick E. Ingram and David D. Luxton II. VULNERABILITIES 3. The Role of Emotion Regulation in the Development of Psychopathology - Tara M. Chaplin and Pamela M. Cole 4. Biological Vulnerabilities to the Development of Psychopathology - Robert O. Pihl and Amelie Nantel-Vivier 5. Cognitive Vulnerability-Stress Models of Psychopathology: A Developmental Perspective - Brandon E. Gibb and Meredith E. Coles 6. Interpersonal Factors As Vulnerability to Psychopathology Over the Life Course - Kimberly Van Orden, LaRicka R. Wingate, Kathryn H. Gordon, and Thomas E. Joiner 7. Genetic Vulnerabilities to the Development of Psychopathology - Kathryn S. Lemery and Lisa Doelger 8. Interpreting Personality As a Vulnerability for Psychopathology: A Developmental Approach to the Personality-Psychopathology Relationship - Jennifer L. Tackett and Robert F. Krueger 9. Attachment As Vulnerability to the Development of Psychopathology - Joanne Davila, Melissa Ramsay, Catherine B. Stroud, and Sara J. Steinberg III. DISORDERS 10. Depression From Childhood Through Adolescence and Adulthood: A Developmental Vulnerability and Stress Perspective - Benjamin L. Hankin and John R. Z. Abela 11. Anxiety Disorders: A Developmental Vulnerability-Stress Perspective - Nathan L. Williams, John M. Reardon, Kathleen T. Murray, and Tara M. Cole 12. A Developmental Vulnerability-Stress Model of Eating Disorders: A Cognitive Approach - Myra Cooper 13. The Development of Substance Abuse in Adolescence: Correlates, Causes, and Consequences - Jon D. Kassel, Sally Weinstein, Steven A. Skitch, Jennifer Veilleux, and Robin Mermelstein 14. Development of Behavioral Problems Over The Life Course: A Vulnerability and Stress Perspective - Benjamin L. Hankin, John R. Z. Abela, Randy P. Auerbach, Chad M. McWhinnie, and Steven A. Skitch 15. The Developmental Psychopathology of Personality Disorders - Jeffrey G. Johnson, Pamela G. McGeoch, Vanessa P. Caskey, Sotoodeh G. Abhary, Joel R. Sneed, and Robert F. Bornstein Author Index Subject Index About the Editors About the Contributors

Trends in Corporate Governance

Abstract: The popular press and scholarly studies have noted a number of trends in corporate governance. This article addresses, from a theoretical perspective, whether these trends are linked. And, if so, how? The article finds that a trend toward greater board diligence will lead, sometimes through subtle or indirect mechanisms, to trends toward more external candidates becoming CEO, shorter tenures for CEOs, more effort/less perquisite consumption by CEOs (even though such behavior is not directly monitored), and greater CEO compensation. An additional prediction is that, under plausible conditions, externally hired CEOs should have shorter tenures, on average, than internally hired CEOs.

Insect Immunity: An Evolutionary Ecology Perspective

Abstract: We review recent advances in our understanding of the mechanisms of insect immune defence, but do so in a framework defined by the ecological and evolutionary forces that shape insect immune defence. Recent advances in genetics and molecular biology have greatly expanded our understanding of the details of the immune mechanisms that enable insects to defend themselves against parasites and pathogens. However, these studies are primarily concerned with discovering and describing how resistance mechanisms work. They rarely address the question of why they are shaped the way they are. Partly because we know so much about the mechanisms that it is now becoming possible to ask such ultimate questions about insect immunity, and they are currently emerging from the developing field of ‘ecological immunology’. In this review we first present an overview of insect immune mechanisms and their coordination before examining the key ecological/evolutionary issues associated with ecological immunity. Finally, we identify important areas for future study in insect immunity that we feel can now be approached because of the insight provided by combining mechanistic and ecological approaches.

Research Note-Two Competing Perspectives on Automatic Use: A Theoretical and Empirical Comparison

Abstract: Although much research has examined conscious use, which involves deliberate evaluation and decision making, we know less about automatic use, which occurs spontaneously with little conscious effort. The objective of this study is to compare two contrasting views in the literature on the nature of automatic use, namely, the habit/automaticity perspective (HAP) and the instant activation perspective (IAP). According to HAP, automatic use occurs because of the force of habit/automaticity without the formation of evaluations and intention; thus, past use-which is a proxy for habit/automaticity-is believed to weaken the evaluations-intention-usage relationship. In contrast, IAP posits that automatic use is simply an expedited form of conscious use; accordingly, as with conscious use, automatic use is still a function of evaluations/intention, so past use will not weaken the evaluations-intention-usage relationship. We tested the competing hypotheses using 2,075 cross-sectional and 990 longitudinal responses from actual users of two online news sites. Our results show that the evaluations-intention-usage relationship is generally weaker among heavier users than among lighter users. These findings suggest that with an increase in past use, user behavior becomes less evaluative and less intentional, in support of the argument that automatic use is driven more by habit/automaticity than by instant activation of cognitions. Overall, this research shows an initial piece of evidence of the moderating role of past use in postadoption phenomena, and it is expected to help the information systems community systematically investigate the important yet underexplored subject of habit/automaticity.

Gender Mainstreaming in Theory and Practice

Abstract: This article utilizes the findings of a recently completed, eight-country research project to visit some key issues in the theory and practice of gender mainstreaming. The research results indicate that gender mainstreaming is a diverse entity when looked at from a cross- national perspective but rather hollow when considered within the national setting. To the extent that there is a "common core" to gender mainstreaming in action across countries, it lies in the ten- dency to apply the approach in a technocratic way and to be non- systemic in compass. The argument is advanced that this is at least in part attributable to particularities in the development of main- streaming. The article suggests that gender mainstreaming is under- developed as a concept and identifies a need to elaborate further on some fundaments. In particular, the conceptualization of main- streaming needs to be rethought with special attention devoted to the understanding of the problematic of gender inequality that underlies it and the articulation of the relationship between gender mainstreaming and societal change.

An occupational perspective on the concept of participation in the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health--some critical remarks.

Abstract: The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF; World Health Organization, 2001) provides an international and interprofessional scientific basis for understanding and studying health. The concept of participation plays an important role in the classification and has become a central construct in health care, rehabilitation, and in occupational therapy. The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis of the concept of participation in the ICF. As background, the origins and current presentation of the ICF are presented. The use and function of the ICF and the contemporary discussions regarding the classification are reviewed. An occupational perspective on participation in the ICF reveals major shortcomings regarding the subjective experience of meaning and autonomy. Furthermore, the ICF has limitations in capturing different kinds of participation in a single life situation. Following these analyses we discuss the advantages and shortcomings of using the ICF, and how an occupational perspective can contribute to an ongoing discussion about the development of the ICF.

Supermodularity and Complementarity in Economics: An Elementary Survey

Abstract: The literature on supermodular optimization and games is surveyed from the perspective of potential users in economics. This methodology provides a new approach for comparative statics based only on critical assumptions, and allows a general analysis of games with strategic complementarities. The results are presented in a simplified yet rigourous manner, without reference to lattice theory, for the special case of one-dimensional parameter and actions sets, with the emphasis being on wide accessibility. Detailed applications are presented for well-known models of consumer behavior, monopoly pass-through, Bertrand and Cournot competition, strategic R&D, search, and matching. Wherever appropriate, useful tricks for applications and comparative comments are inserted.

Perceived Risk, the Internet Shopping Experience and Online Purchasing Behavior: A New Zealand Perspective

Abstract: This paper develops a research model of the importance of consumers’ perceived risk and the Internet shopping experience in the online purchasing behavior of Internet users. The model was tested using a survey of some 700 New Zealand Internet users. Both the perceived risk and perceived benefits of Internet shopping were found to be significantly associated with the amount and frequency of online purchases made. Loss of social interaction in Internet shopping was associated with reduced online spending. The results of the study suggest that Internet retailing Web sites should include features that enhance customer service and reduce perceived risk.

The sociology of consumption

Abstract: In 1978 Robert Mayer published an article in the American Behavioral Scientist entitled ‘Exploring sociological theories by studying consumers’ in which he noted that the increasingly voiced suggestion that marketers and consumer researchers could profitably make more use of sociological concepts could equally be matched by calls for sociologists to pay more attention to individuals in their role as consumers. He claimed that ‘sociologists have much to gain from focusing their empirical studies on consumers’, and that ‘the study of consumption is a useful setting for the testing and expansion of sociological theories’ (ibid.: 600). Whilst there is little evidence to suggest that many sociologists took much notice of Mayer’s remarks at the time, they can be seen, from the perspective of the 1990s, to have had a certain prophetic ring to them. Not that there has in fact been any rush to ‘test’ sociological theories by examining consumer behaviour, but there does now exist within the discipline a fairly widespread appreciation of the importance of focusing attention upon the sphere of consumption.

Seeing it my way: a case of a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective

Abstract: Little is known about the functional and neural architecture of social reasoning, one major obstacle being that we crucially lack the relevant tools to test potentially different social reasoning components. In the case of belief reasoning, previous studies have tried to separate the processes involved in belief reasoning per se from those involved in the processing of the high incidental demands such as the working memory demands of typical belief tasks. In this study, we developed new belief tasks in order to disentangle, for the first time, two perspective taking components involved in belief reasoning: (i) the ability to inhibit one's own perspective (self-perspective inhibition); and (ii) the ability to infer someone else's perspective as such (other-perspective taking). The two tasks had similar demands in other-perspective taking as they both required the participant to infer that a character has a false belief about an object's location. However, the tasks varied in the self-perspective inhibition demands. In the task with the lowest self-perspective inhibition demands, at the time the participant had to infer the character's false belief, he or she had no idea what the new object's location was. In contrast, in the task with the highest self-perspective inhibition demands, at the time the participant had to infer the character's false belief, he or she knew where the object was actually located (and this knowledge had thus to be inhibited). The two tasks were presented to a stroke patient, WBA, with right prefrontal and temporal damage. WBA performed well in the low-inhibition false-belief task but showed striking difficulty in the task placing high self-perspective inhibition demands, showing a selective deficit in inhibiting self-perspective. WBA also made egocentric errors in other social and visual perspective taking tasks, indicating a difficulty with belief attribution extending to the attribution of emotions, desires and visual experiences to other people. The case of WBA, together with the recent report of three patients impaired in belief reasoning even when self-perspective inhibition demands were reduced, provide the first neuropsychological evidence that the inhibition of one's own point of view and the ability to infer someone else's point of view rely on distinct neural and functional processes.

When Do Losses Loom Larger than Gains

Abstract: In defining limits to loss aversion, Novemsky and Kahneman (2005) offer important new data and a needed summary of appropriate ways to think about loss aversion. In this comment to Novemsky and Kahneman's article, the authors consider the new empirical results that involve probabilistic buying and selling, suggesting caution in generalizing the results to nonprobabilistic commerce. The authors expand Novemsky and Kahneman's summary by exploring two critical constructs that help define the boundaries of loss aversion: emotional attachment and cognitive perspective. Emotional attachment alters loss aversion by moderating the degree to which parting with an item involves a loss, whereas shifts in cognitive perspective explain why items typically viewed as a loss are given more or less weight. The goal is to use these constructs to characterize more specifically contexts in which losses loom larger than gains and to suggest specific ways that research into loss aversion could evolve.

Buddhist and Psychological Perspectives on Emotions and Well-Being

Abstract: Stimulated by a recent meeting between Western psychologists and the Dalai Lama on the topic of destructive emotions, we report on two issues: the achievement of enduring happiness, what Tibetan Buddhists call sukha, and the nature of afflictive and nonafflictive emotional states and traits. A Buddhist perspective on these issues is presented, along with discussion of the challenges the Buddhist view raises for empirical research and theory.

Making sense of dementia and adjusting to loss: Psychological reactions to a diagnosis of dementia in couples

Abstract: The current emphasis on early detection and disclosure of a diagnosis of dementia highlights the need to examine couples' shared constructions of, and responses to, the diagnosis, and to explore the appraisals that couples make about the illness at an early stage. While the experiences of carers and of people with dementia have mostly been considered separately, further investigation of the shared experience of couples where one partner is developing dementia is required. This study adopted a family systems perspective to investigate psychological reactions to a diagnosis of dementia in nine couples where one partner had received a diagnosis of either Alzheimer's disease or vascular dementia, with particular emphasis on the possible relevance of psychological responses to loss. Interpretative phenomenological analysis was used to explore participants' experiences of receiving a diagnosis of dementia, which were compared and contrasted across couples. Ten themes were subsumed under two higher-order themes, 'Not quite the same person, tell me what actually is wrong' and 'Everything's changed, we have to go from there', and linked through the overarching theme of 'Making sense and adjusting to loss'. A model is presented that encapsulates the oscillating processes couples appeared to go through in making sense of the experience of early-stage dementia and adjusting to the losses and difficulties evoked by the illness, which appeared to be similar to the process of adjustment outlined in dual-process models of grief. The findings suggest that couples who receive a diagnosis of dementia may be supported by helping them to create a joint construction that enables them to make sense of their situation, find ways of adjusting to the changes experienced in their roles and identity, and manage the losses they face in the early stages of dementia.

Age-Related Differences in Responses to Emotional Advertisements

Abstract: This research investigated motivational influences associated with age on responses to emotional advertisements. Experiment 1 showed increased liking and recall of emotional ads among older consumers and that time horizon perspective moderates these age-related differences. Experiment 2 revealed influences of age and time horizon perspective on responses to different types of emotional ads. Ads focusing on avoiding negative emotions were liked and recalled more among older consumers and among young consumers made to have a limited time horizon perspective. This research illustrates the importance of considering age-related differences in information processing due to motivational as well as to cognitive changes.

Disturbances of self-awareness and rehabilitation of patients with traumatic brain injury: a 20-year perspective.

Abstract: Over the last 20 years, numerous papers that are relevant to understanding the problem of impaired self-awareness after moderately severe to severe traumatic brain injury have appeared. This article reviews many of these papers and summarizes salient findings relevant to rehabilitation and future research.