Showing papers on "Primate published in 1996"
TL;DR: Hints are emerging about the evolution of color vision among the primates by cataloging the spectral properties of the cone photopigments found in retinas of a number of primate species and in elucidating the relationship between cone opsin genes and theirPhotopigment products.
Abstract: The past 15 years have brought much progress in our understanding of several basic features of primate color vision. There has been particular success in cataloging the spectral properties of the cone photopigments found in retinas of a number of primate species and in elucidating the relationship between cone opsin genes and their photopigment products. Direct studies of color vision show that there are several modal patterns of color vision among groupings of primates: (i) Old World monkeys, apes, and humans all enjoy trichromatic color vision, although the former two groups do not seem prone to the polymorphic variations in color vision that are characteristic of people; (ii) most species of New World monkeys are highly polymorphic, with individual animals having any of several types of dichromatic or trichromatic color vision; (iii) less is known about color vision in prosimians, but evidence suggests that at least some diurnal species have dichromatic color vision; and (iv) some nocturnal primates may lack color vision completely. In many cases the photopigments and photopigment gene arrangements underlying these patterns have been revealed and, as a result, hints are emerging about the evolution of color vision among the primates.
237 citations
TL;DR: This study confirms that, overall, phylogenetic reconstructions of Primates, and consequently their classifications, are more similar than dissimilar, and supports the Homo-Pan clade, although with characters not as strong as for other clades.
202 citations
TL;DR: It appears that nonhuman primates such as rhesus monkeys may also have access to arithmetical representations, although alternative explanations must be considered for both primate species.
Abstract: Research has demonstrated that human infants and nonhuman primates have a rudimentary numerical system that enables them to count objects or events More recently, however, studies using a preferential looking paradigm have suggested that preverbal human infants are capable of simple arithmetical operations, such as adding and subtracting a small number of visually presented objects These findings implicate a relatively sophisticated representational system in the absence of language To explore the evolutionary origins of this capacity, we present data from an experiment with wild rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that methodologically mirrors those conducted on human infants Results suggest that rhesus monkeys detect additive and subtractive changes in the number of objects present in their visual field Given the methodological and empirical similarities, it appears that nonhuman primates such as rhesus monkeys may also have access to arithmetical representations, although alternative explanations must be considered for both primate species
199 citations
01 Jul 1996
TL;DR: Gorilla and chimpanzees live sympatrically and with other primate species in wide areas of Equatorial Africa as discussed by the authors, but unlike Cercopithecus, Cercocebus or Colobus monkeys, these apes do not form mixed-species groups.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION Most primates that live in tropical forests form sympatric populations with other primate species. In some cases they avoid contact or interact aggressively with other primate species, while in other cases they forage, groom, play or mate with others, forming mixed-species groups (Struhsaker, 1978; Gautier-Hion, 1980; Terborgh, 1983). Since these interactions between species are difficult to see in the wild, details of interference competition among sympatric primates are sketchy. However, at least ecological (exploitation) competition can be estimated when two sympatric species show similarities in resource use (Waser, 1987). Gorillas and chimpanzees live sympatrically and with other primate species in wide areas of Equatorial Africa. Both apes use all strata of the tropical forest and range in various types of vegetation. Unlike Cercopithecus, Cercocebus or Colobus monkeys, these apes do not form mixed-species groups. Because of their larger body size, both apes may dominate the other primate species and be able to exclude them from food resources, even when niche overlap occurs extensively with them. Chimpanzees usually chase monkeys at aggressive encounters and occasionally prey on them (McGrew et al ., 1979; Nishida et al ., 1983; Goodall, 1986; Sugiyama & Koman, 1987; Boesch & Boesch, 1989), although some arboreal monkeys (such as Colobus badius ) may aggressively mob and displace chimpanzees (Struhsaker, 1981; Ghiglieri, 1984). Gorillas and chimpanzees are genetically close and show similarities in morphological features such as craniodental form (Sarich & Cronin, 1977; Shea, 1983), yet they show remarkable differences in ecological features and social organization.
186 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Comparison of rhesus monkey MHC class I cDNAs to their primate counterparts reveals fundamental differences between M HC class I and class II evolution in primates.
Abstract: Homologues of the human HLA-A and -B MHC class I loci have been found in great apes and Old World primates suggesting that these two loci have existed for at least 30 million years. The C locus, however, shows some sequence similarity to the B locus and has been found only in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. To determine the age of the MHC class I C locus and to examine the evolution of the A and B loci we have cloned, sequenced, and in vitro translated 16 MHC class I cDNAs from two unrelated rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) using both cDNA library screening and PCR amplification. Analyses of these sequences suggest that the C locus is not present in the rhesus monkey, indicating that this locus may be of recent origin in gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. The rhesus monkey's complement of MHC class I genes includes the products of at least one expressed A locus and at least two expressed B loci, indicating that a duplication of the B locus has taken place in the lineage leading to these Old World primates. Comparison of rhesus monkey MHC class I cDNAs to their primate counterparts reveals fundamental differences between MHC class I and class II evolution in primates. Although MHC class II allelic lineages are shared between humans and Old World primates, no such trans-species sharing of allelic lineages is seen at the MHC class I loci.
167 citations
TL;DR: The authors conclude that using the same procedure to compare hand preference across species represents a powerful research tool that can lead to a more complete understanding of the evolution and ontogenesis of primate handedness.
Abstract: This research examined hand preference for a bimanual task in 45 tufted capuchin (Cebus apella) and 55 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) monkeys. Investigators presented subjects with plastic tubes lined with food and noted which hand the animals used to hold the tubes and which hand the animals used to remove the food. Several significant findings emerged from this investigation. First, rhesus macaques, but not tufted capuchins, exhibited a population-level bias toward use of the right hand (although the difference in direction of hand preference between species was not significant). Second, capuchins exhibited greater hand preference strength than did macaques. Third, among capuchins, but not among macaques, hand preference strength was greater for adults than for immatures. Finally, both species used their index digit to remove food most frequently when compared with other digits. Findings of hand preference direction and strength in this study were compared with other findings noted for chimpanzees which performed a bimanual tube task in a previous study. The authors conclude that using the same procedure to compare hand preference across species represents a powerful research tool that can lead to a more complete understanding of the evolution and ontogenesis of primate handedness.
112 citations
TL;DR: Ocular dominance columns are less well segregated in squirrel monkeys than macaques, but they are present; this fact is pertinent to a recent study reporting that ocular dominance Columns are absent in normal squirrel monkeys, but induced to form by strabismus.
Abstract: The squirrel monkey is the only primate reported to lack ocular dominance columns. Nothing anomalous about the visual capacity of squirrel monkeys has been found to explain their missing columns, leading to the suggestion that ocular dominance columns might be "an epiphenomenon, not serving any purpose" (Livingstone et al., 1995). Puzzled by the apparent lack of ocular dominance columns in squirrel monkeys, we made eye injections with transneuronal tracers in four normal squirrel monkeys. An irregular mosaic of columns, averaging 225 microns in width, was found throughout striate cortex. They were double-labeled by placing wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase into the left eye and [3H]proline into the right eye. The tracers labeled opposite sets of interdigitating columns, proving they represent ocular dominance columns. The columns were much clearer in layer IVc alpha (magno-receiving) than IVc beta (parvo-receiving). In the lateral geniculate body, the parvo laminae showed extensive mixing of ocular inputs, suggesting that increased label spillover contributes to the blurred columns in layer IVc beta. The cytochrome oxidase (CO) patches were organized into distinct rows, but they bore no consistent relationship to the ocular dominance columns. These experiments indicate that ocular dominance columns are less well segregated in squirrel monkeys than macaques, but they are present. This fact is pertinent to a recent study reporting that ocular dominance columns are absent in normal squirrel monkeys, but induced to form by strabismus (Livingstone, 1996).
93 citations
TL;DR: A nearly complete skeleton of a robust-bodied New World monkey that resembles living spider monkeys was recovered from undisturbed Pleistocene deposits in the Brazilian state of Bahia, indicating that New World monkeys nearly twice the size of those living today were part of the mammalian biomass of southern Amazonia in the late Pleistsocene.
Abstract: A nearly complete skeleton of a robust-bodied New World monkey that resembles living spider monkeys was recovered from undisturbed Pleistocene deposits in the Brazilian state of Bahia. The skeleton displays the highly specialized postcranial pattern typical of spider and woolly spider monkeys and shares cranial similarities to the spider monkey exclusively. It is generically distinct on the basis of its robustness (>20 kg) and on the shape of its braincase. This new genus indicates that New World monkeys nearly twice the size of those living today were part of the mammalian biomass of southern Amazonia in the late Pleistocene. The discovery of this specimen expands the known adaptive diversity of New World monkeys and demonstrates that they underwent body size expansion in the terminal Pleistocene, as did many other types of mammals.
86 citations
TL;DR: This skeleton confirms that adaptive diversity in neotropical primates was greater in the recent past, and that current interpretations of how their distinctive adaptations evolved should be revised.
Abstract: A COMPLETE skeleton of a large-bodied New World monkey has been found in Pleistocene cave deposits in the Brazilian state of Bahia. It demonstrates an unprecedented combination of body size, locomotor and cranial morphology. Skeletal features indicate an animal of approximately 25 kg, more than twice the mass of any living South American monkey. We refer the specimen to Protopithecus brasiliensis Lund, 1838, a large Pleistocene primate originally represented by only a proximal femur and distal humerus1–4. The skeleton resembles species of two distinct New World monkey lineages. The cranium is modified for an enlarged vocal sac typical of living howler monkeys5–7, and the postcranium includes suspensory and brachiating components of locomotion as seen in living spider and woolly spider monkeys8. This skeleton confirms that adaptive diversity in neotropical primates was greater in the recent past, and that current interpretations of how their distinctive adaptations evolved should be revised.
81 citations
TL;DR: The results add to evidence for the influence of primate mothers on the psychobiological development of central nervous system neurotransmitter systems in their infants, and suggest that the noradrenergic system is among the more sensitive of these to early experience.
81 citations
TL;DR: The results of this study illustrate that the nature of the costs and benefits of polyspecific associations for these different monkey species are complex and vary from species to species.
Abstract: Five species of diurnal primates in the Kibale Forest of western Uganda— red colobus (Colobus badius),black- and- white colobus (Colobus guereza),redtail monkeys (Cercopithecus ascanius),blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis),mangabeys (Cercocebus albigena)-often associate in mixed- species groups that vary in size and composition from day to day. Across this range of species, we found no consistent effect of association on feeding rate. In addition, there is no systematic difference between the species- specific individual feeding rates when animals were in mixed- species groups feeding in a specific tree on one day and when individuals of one of the same species were feeding in the same individual tree on a subsequent day. If associating in a mixed- species group lowers the risk of predation, one might expect that the number of vigilant events would decrease in mixed- species groups. However, the only species to exhibit a consistent decrease in vigilant behavior when in association was the red colobus. Redtail monkeys were more vigilant when in association. We predicted that the density and distribution of food resources would both constrain the frequency of association and the size of mixed- species groups. Based on 22 months of data on food resources and bimonthly censuses, we found no relationship between the frequency of association (except mangabeys) or mean mixed- species group size and the density and distribution of food resources for all species. Finally, we examined the behavior of the monkeys in and out of association before and after the playback of a crowned hawk eagle call (Spizaetus coronatus),a known predator. When more species were in association, the amount of time they spent being vigilant following the playback was greater and the response more intense than when fewer species were in association or when the group was alone. The results of this study illustrate that the nature of the costs and benefits of polyspecific associations for these different monkey species are complex and vary from species to species.
TL;DR: Red uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) living near the Communal Reserve Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo in northeastern Peru frequently associate with other species of primate, especially the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha).
Abstract: Red uakari (Cacajao calvus ucayalii) living near the Communal Reserve Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo in northeastern Peru frequently associate with other species of primate, especially the woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha). In 42 observation follows over 14 months (April 1993 – December 1994), the uakari were in association with other species for all or some portion of time during 62% of the follows. Woolly monkeys were present during 65% of the polyspecific groupings. During 151.5 hr of timed observations, the uakari spent 29.21% of their time with other species, and 76% of their associative time with woolly monkeys. The participants of the associations may benefit from increased predator protection and more efficient use of resource. These data represent the first published notes from a long-term behavioral ecology study of red uakari.
TL;DR: No serological sign of SIV infection could be demonstrated in 68 cynomolgus monkeys, 60 chimpanzees, nine gorillas, and 12 sun‐tailed monkeys, while seven of 102 mandrills and six of 24 vervets were infected with SIV.
Abstract: Among the primates held at the CIRMF Primate Center, Gabon, no serological sign of SIV infection could be demonstrated in 68 cynomolgus monkeys, 60 chimpanzees, nine gorillas, and 12 sun-tailed monkeys, while seven of 102 mandrills and six of 24 vervets were infected with SIV. Six mandrills, seven vervets and ten cynomolgus monkeys exhibited a full HTLV type 1 Western blot profile. The sera of two gorillas and one chimpanzee presented with a positive but not typical HTLV Western blot profile. The sera of the gorillas lacked p24 antibodies, and the chimpanzee had a Western blot profile evocative of HTLV-II. All attempts to amplify viruses from these animals by PCR were unsuccessful. Two other chimpanzees and seven gorillas presented with indeterminate HTLV Western blot profiles. In the mandrill colony, only male animals were STLV seropositive and no sexual transmission to females was observed. SIV infection was also more frequent in male than female mandrills and sexual transmission appeared to be a rare event. No SRV infection was observed in macaques.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: All the major ganglion cell classes identified in Old World monkeys are also present in New World primates, and no obvious anatomical differences between dichromats and trichromats have been reported.
Abstract: In the primate retina there are distinct ganglion cell classes, exhibiting particular morphologies and central projections, each responsible for conveying particular types of visual information to the brain. The chief retinal inputs to the cortex arise from specific ganglion cell classes, M-ganglion cells, responsible for carrying the luminance signal, and P-ganglion cells, that convey the red-green color opponent signal, as well as high contrast luminance signal. There are other ganglion cell classes, such as small-field bistratified cells, exhibiting dendrites that stratify at two different levels in the inner plexiform layer, which convey the blue-yellow color opponent signal. Most published data concerning primate retinal ganglion cell anatomy and physiology have been obtained from Old World species. Studies on New World monkeys have recently become of interest since they differ from the Old World monkeys with respect to the color vision inheritance pattern. On reviewing retinal ganglion cell layer organization in New World monkeys, it seems that there are more similarities than differences in relation to the Old World monkeys. Diurnal genera of New World monkeys exhibit a well-developed fovea centralis and ganglion cell density peak, as well as peripheral density values which are in the range reported for Old World monkeys and human. Moreover, all the major ganglion cell classes identified in Old World monkeys are also present in New World primates. Up to now, no obvious anatomical differences between dichromats and trichromats have been reported. The only genus that is significantly different from the others is the Aotus. It exhibits lower ganglion cell density in the central retina, and apparently lacks the small-field bistratified cells.
TL;DR: The first reported case of spontaneously developed spongiform encephalopathy in a monkey was reported in 1992 as mentioned in this paper, where the brain was dissected into 5 mm coronal blocks and stained with haematoxylin and eosin and thioflavine S for amyloid, or immunolabeled with antibodies: monoclonal antibody to a synthetic peptide homologous to residues 106−126 of human prion protein (PrP), supernatant 1:2 dilution; polyclonal antibody to residues 1−40 of the β protein
TL;DR: Chaudhuri et al. as discussed by the authors showed that Zif268 ocular dominance columns establish late during normal primate visual system development, and that some degree of visual plasticity is still present at this age in the Cebus monkey.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The results suggest that Zif268 ocular dominance columns establish late during normal primate visual system development, and that some degree of visual plasticity is still present at this age in the Cebus monkey.
Abstract: Zif268 transcription factor is expressed throughout Cebus apella visual cortex at high basal levels. Monocular eyelid suture alters the levels of Zif268 on neurons connected to the deprived eye, revealing ocular dominance columns in the striate cortex of Cebus as previously demonstrated in Old World monkeys (Chattdhttri and Cynader, Brain Res., 605 (1993) 349–353). Zif268 ocular dominance columns are revealed in adult Cebusmonkey after 24–48 h of monocular deprivation, but not in infant monkeys up to 3 months of age. In 6-month-old Cebus monkeys, Zif268 ocular dominance columns are still poorly defined. These results suggest that Zif268 ocular dominance columns establish late during normal primate visual system development, and that some degree of visual plasticity is still present at this age in the Cebusmonkey.
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: The addition of new fields, such as VS, Ri, and 7b in the line which led to extant primates, may account for the increase in dexterity, bilateral coordination of the hands, and tactile recognition abilities that characterize primates.
Abstract: The organization of lateral somatosensory cortex has been described for several primates including Old World, and New World simians as well as prosimians. While descriptions of SII for New World monkeys and prosimians are consistent, those for Old World macaque monkeys vary considerably. However, all data conform to the proposal that at least two mirror symmetric representations reside in the area traditionally considered as a single field. These include the second somatosensory area, S11, and the parietal ventral area, PV. Discrepancies in the descriptions of SII in primates, as well as non primate mammals may be the result of the two fields being confused. Because of the ubiquity of SII and PV in all mammals, it is proposed that these areas are part of a basic plan of somatosensory processing. The addition of new fields, such as VS, Ri, and 7b in the line which led to extant primates, may account for the increase in dexterity, bilateral coordination of the hands, and tactile recognition abilities that characterize primates.
01 Apr 1996
TL;DR: The data suggest that different causes of strabismus may affect neuronal response properties and behavior to different degrees, and the effects on the optokinetic reflex of resolved, but early onset strabistismus were more severe than those of accommodative strABismus.
Abstract: The optokinetic reflex and neuronal response properties in the central visual pathway were studied in three macaque monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) with early childhood strabismus of various origin.Binocularity in the primary visual cortex (VI) measured electrophysiologically was reduced both in a monkey with resolved strabismus and in a monkey with accommodative strabismus when compared to normal controls. By contrast, binocularity in the nucleus of the optic tract and dorsal terminal nucleus of the accessory optic system (NOT-DTN) was only reduced in the monkey with resolved strabismus (‘resolved’), but appeared normal in animals with accommodative strabismus (‘accom. 1 ’and ‘accom. 2’). Sub-threshold binocular interactions were normal in all animals. The velocity tuning curves of retinal slip neurons in the NOT-DTN of all strabismic monkeys were not different from normal controls. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus was asymmetric in monkey ‘accom. 2’, and for the non-fixating eye in monkey ‘resolved’. In mon...
Dissertation•
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: In this paper, the X-chromosome opsin genes of two members of the Hominidea (the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes and the Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla) were first isolated and sequenced and a wealth of information has accumulated on the genetics of primate colour vision.
Abstract: Over the 10 year period since the cone opsin genes of humans were first isolated and sequenced, a wealth of information has accumulated on the genetics of primate colour vision. However, a number of intriguing questions have remained unanswered. Do other apes and monkeys see with the same basic complement of photopigments as humans do. How are these different opsin genes temporally and spatially regulated. At present a complete understanding of human colour anomalies is lacking. Based on the analysis of exons 3 to 5 of the X-chromosome opsin genes of two members of the Hominidea (the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes and the Gorilla, Gorilla gorilla) and five members of the Cercopithecoidea family of Old World primates (the Diana monkey, Cercopithecus diana; lesser spot-nosed guenon, Cercopithecus petaurista; African green monkey, Cercopithecus aethiops; talapoin monkey, Miopithecus talapoin; and patas monkey, Erythrocebus patas), it is predicted that the long-wave (LW) and middle-wave (MW) pigments of these primates have similar spectral properties to those of human. Multiple copies of the same opsin gene sequence were identified in the chimpanzee and talapoin. Humans and the other primates show a bunching of polymorphic sites in exon three. The ancestry of the separate LW and MW genes of Old World primates is discussed. Two anomalous trichromatic human males, each exhibiting the same phenotype, were found to present with differing genotypes. One subject, SSJ, possessed a normal LW and a MW-LW hybrid gene. The other subject, PSJ, had in addition a normal MW gene. It is suggested that the same phenotype may be possible due to selective expression of some of PSJ's opsin genes. Finally, the phenotype of John Dalton, considered the father of colour vision, has been revised to deuteranopia, following amplification, cloning, and sequencing of his opsin genes from the remains of his eyes.
TL;DR: The superficial epaxial muscles of a dusky lutong and a white-handed gibbon were dissected to reveal the arboreal morphology of these muscles, and it is suggested that the differential strategy for theArboreal life would exist, which reflects on the epaxIAL muscle morphology.
Abstract: The superficial epaxial muscles of a dusky lutong and a white-handed gibbon were dissected to reveal the arboreal morphology of these muscles. The results were compared with those of the terrestrial primate species which have been previousl y reported. Additional dissection was made on the epaxial muscles of a dog and a cat in order to specify the general rule for the organization of the epaxial muscles. Although the epaxial muscle morphology differed in the cat and the dog, the patterns of their origin-insertion relationship were similar to any primate species. Thus the morphology of these muscles could be discussed from the view point of the locomotor adaptation. The morphological differences between arboreal and terrestrial primates were observed in the lumbar architecture of the longissimus system. The strong additional muscle bundles that originated at the lumbar mamillary process joined to the longissimus system in the terrestrial patas monkey and hamadryas baboon. These muscle bundles were not found in the arboreal dusky lutong, spider monkey and white-handed gibbon. However, the erector spinae muscles morphology varied in these arboreal species. The erector spinae aponeurosis extended to the cranial direction in the spider monkey and the gibbon, but that of the dusky lutong attached only in the relatively caudal range. The erector spinae muscles of the dusky lutong and the spider monkey less developed in lumbar region, though that of the gibbon well developed. These results would suggested that the differential strategy for the arboreal life would exist, which reflects on the epaxial muscle morphology.