Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2005"

Genetic diversity among varieties and wild species accessions of pea (Pisum sativum L.) based on molecular markers, and morphological and physiological characters.

Abstract: Random amplified polymorphic DNA, simple sequence repeat, and inter-simple sequence repeat markers were used to estimate the genetic relations among 65 pea varieties (Pisum sativum L.) and 21 accessions from wild Pisum subspecies (subsp.) abyssinicum, asiaticum, elatius, transcaucasicum, and var. arvense. Fifty-one of these varieties are currently available for growers in western Canada. Nei and Li's genetic similarity (GS) estimates calculated using the marker data showed that pair-wise comparison values among the 65 varieties ranged from 0.34 to 1.00. GS analysis on varieties grouped according to their originating breeding programs demonstrated that different levels of diversity were maintained at different breeding programs. Unweighted pair-group method arithmetic average cluster analysis and principal coordinate analysis on the marker-based GS grouped the cultivated varieties separately from the wild accessions. The majority of the food and feed varieties were grouped separately from the silage and sp...

Orobanche crenata resistance and avoidance in pea (Pisum spp.) operate at different developmental stages of the parasite

Abstract: Summary Orobanche crenata (broomrape) is an important constraint to pea (Pisum sativum) cultivation in the Mediterranean area, because little resistance is available in commercial crop varieties. Field experiments have demonstrated that some resistance is present in a number of P. sativum and P. fulvum accessions. The goal of this work was to characterize such resistance. The Pisum–O. crenata interaction and the resistance symptoms were studied under controlled conditions by using Petri dish and polyethylene bag assays. The content of phenolics and peroxidase activity in host tissue from infected and non-infected plants were also measured. Resistance and avoidance mechanisms, acting at different developmental stages of the parasite, have been identified, including low stimulation of O. crenata seed germination, unsuccessful penetration of host roots, delay in post-attachment tubercle development and necrosis of the attached tubercles. Infection caused an increase in the content of total soluble phenolics in some Pisum genotypes. Peroxidase activity was higher in resistant than in susceptible accessions. Results obtained with different Pisum genotypes showed that resistance is the result of several mechanisms acting at different stages of the infection process. Resistance is also related to increased levels of peroxidase activity in host roots.

Effect of salt stress on growth and biochemical parameters of Pisum sativum L.

Abstract: The effect of salinity on some physio-biochemical parameters in plants of pea (Pisum sativum L cv EC 33866) has been investigated Plants were subjected to four salt treatments, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl, for 30 days in sand culture and the physiological responses were measured Salinity affected all of the considered parameters Thus, high NaCl concentrations caused a great reduction in growth parameters such as fresh and dry weight of leaves and roots, but the leaf number was less affected These changes were associated with a decrease in the relative water content and the K+ concentrations The proline and sugar content was increased, but nitrate reductase activity and chlorophyll was found to decrease in leaves The significance of organic solute accumulation in relation to osmotic adjustment has been discussed

Response to Mycosphaerella pinodes in a germplasm collection of Pisum spp

Abstract: Little resistance against Mycosphaerella pinodes is available in pea. In this work 78 accessions of Pisum were screened for resistance to M. pinodes. Fourteen accessions showed a good level of resistance in seedlings under controlled conditions, and in mature plants in the field. The highest levels of resistance were found in P. fuivum, followed by P. sativum ssp. eiatius and P. sativum ssp. syriacum. Resistance of five selected accessions was effective against different isolates of M. pinodes originating from different countries. Resistant accessions reported in this paper have been successfully hybridized with field pea cultivars.

Cropping sequence effects of four broadleaf crops on four cereal crops in the northern Great Plains

Abstract: The productivity and cropping sequence effects of broadleaf crops are not well known within no-till systems in the semiarid northern Great Plains. We compared productivity of cool- and warm-season broadleaf crops with spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), measured cropping sequence effects of broadleaf crops on subsequent cereal crops, and tested if different cereal crops interacted with previous crops. During 1999-2001 we conducted 2-yr cropping sequence experiments at five sites in Montana under climatic conditions ranging from severe drought to average rainfall. Grain yield and quality were measured for chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.), flax (Linum usitatissimum L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), and wheat in Year 1. In Year 2, four cereal test crops [barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), durum (Triticum durum L.), spring wheat, and winter wheat] were grown following the Year 1 crops and a fallow control to measure cropping sequence effects. Comparative productivity varied among crops by site, affirming that crop diversity mitigates production risk. Under average rainfall, the cereal test crop yields following flax, pea, and chickpea ranged from 84 to 101% of the fallow control and were greater than that following wheat in seven of nine cases. However, yields following sunflower were equal or less than those following wheat. Under severe drought, cereal test crop yields following broadleaf crops ranged from 21 to 41% of the fallow control and were equal or less than those following wheat. Previous crops affected four cereal test crop species similarly.

Free Amino Acid and Cysteine Sulfoxide Composition of 11 Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Cultivars by Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization and Mass Selective Detection

Abstract: Two garlic subspecies (n = 11), Allium sativum L. var. opioscorodon (hardneck) and Allium sativum L. var. sativum (softneck), were evaluated for their free amino acid composition. The free amino acid content of garlic samples analyzed ranged from 1121.7 to 3106.1 mg/100 g of fresh weight (mean = 2130.7 +/- 681.5 mg/100 g). Hardneck garlic had greater methiin, alliin, and total free amino acids contents compared to softneck garlic. The major free amino acid present in all but one subspecies was glutamine (cv. Mother of Pearl had aspartic acid as the major free amino acid). Cv. Music Pink garlic (a rocambole hardneck variety) contained the most methiin, alliin, and total free amino acids. The solid-phase extraction, alkylchloroformate derivatization, GC-FID, and GC-MS methods used in this study were simple and rapid, allowing 18 free amino acids in garlic to be separated within 10 min.

In vitro investigation of the toxic effects of extracts of Allium sativum bulbs on adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus

Abstract: The toxic effects of the extracts of Allium sativum (Garlic) were evaluated against adults of Hyalomma marginatum rufipes and Rhipicephalus pulchellus using three types (Types A, B and C) of contact toxicity bioassays. A. sativum bulbs were extracted with acetone, ethanol and dichloromethane (DCM) solvents. Among these three solvents, it is the DCM extract of A. sativum that appears to have anti-tick activity. In the Type A contact toxicity bioassay, DCM extracts of A. sativum demonstrated a high acaricidal bioactivity against H. m. rufipes with 100 % of ticks killed in less than an hour, and toxicity persisted to the second day. A weak acaricidal activity of aqueous extracts of A. sativum was observed in the Type B contact toxicity bioassay. In the Type C contact toxicity bioassay, a concentration of 24 % w/v of DCM extracts of garlic in sunflower oil (Helianthus annuus) had killed 100% of H. m. rufipes (LC50= 5.9 % w/v) and R. pulchellus (LC50 = 10.3 % w/v) by 24 hours post-treatment of ticks. The results obtained from this study suggest that DCM extract of A. sativum is a potential source of novel acaricidal agents.

Variation in precaecal amino acid and energy digestibility between pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars determined using a linear regression approach.

Abstract: 1. An experiment was conducted to study the variation in the precaecal amino acid (AA) and energy digestibility of 4 cultivars of white-flowering peas (Pisum sativum) for broiler chickens. The 4 cultivars were grown and harvested under the same agronomic and environmental conditions. 2. One basal diet and 8 diets including each pea cultivar at inclusion rates of either 150 or 300 g/kg were used. Peas were included at the expense of starch. Hence, the differences in dietary crude protein and AA concentrations resulted only from the inclusion of peas. Titanium dioxide was included as an indigestible marker. 3. Crude protein concentrations in the complete diets ranged from 164 to 244 g/kg. All diets were fed ad libitum to broiler chickens between 14 and 21 d of age. Seven pens of 12 chickens were allocated to each treatment. Digesta were sampled on a pen basis from the section of the gastrointestinal tract between Meckel's diverticulum and 2 cm anterior to the ileo-caeco-colonic junction. 4. The proportions ...

Paenibacillus mendelii sp. nov., from surface-sterilized seeds of Pisum sativum L.

Abstract: A Gram-variable, facultatively anaerobic, endospore-forming bacterium was isolated from surface-sterilized seeds of the garden pea and characterized with phenotypic and molecular methods. A PCR with the Paenibacillus-specific primer PAEN515F and the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain C/2T belongs to the genus Paenibacillus and is closely related to Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae (94.0 % sequence similarity). Strain C/2T generated a unique phenotypic profile, in particular for the production of acid from substrates. The DNA G+C content (50.8 mol%) and the major fatty acid (anteiso-C(15 : 0)) are consistent with the genus Paenibacillus. DNA-DNA hybridization distinguished strain C/2T from other phylogenetically related Paenibacillus species and, therefore, strain C/2T (=CCM 4839T=LMG 23002T) is here described as the type strain of a novel species, for which the name Paenibacillus mendelii sp. nov. is proposed.

Efficiency of transformation of Polish cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) with various regeneration capacity by using hypervirulent Agrobacterium tumefaciens strains.

Abstract: An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation method of pea has been developed for several edible and fodder cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.), characterized previously in their potential for regeneration via organogenesis. The most appropriate explant, which was susceptible to Agrobacterium infection and capable of regenerating transgenic plants, turned out to be a slice of an immature embryo, including the embryo axis and the basal part of a cotyledon. Three hypervirulent strains of A. tumefaciens were tested: AgL0, AgL1 and EHA105. Each carried the binary vector pP35SGIB containing the uid gene, with an intron under control of the 35S promoter, and the bar gene conferring resistance to phosphinotricin. Strain AgL0 was found to be efficient for the majority of cultivars, followed by AgL1 and EHA105. Transformation efficiency varied from 0.7 to 4.1%, depending on cultivar and Agrobacterium strain. The transformation efficiency of particular pea cultivars did not clearly correspond to their regeneration capacity, which - although indispensable - was not a critical parameter of successful transformation. The presence of integrated genes in pea genomic DNA was detected by the PCR. T-DNA was stably transmitted to the progeny, as it was confirmed by Southern hybridization. The activity of introduced genes was analysed by the histochemical GUS assay and by painting leaves or by spraying transgenic plants with the herbicide Basta.

THE PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF BIOPREPARATIONS APPLIED AS THE DRESSING FOR COMMON BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) AND PEA (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: The studies conducted in a growth chamber observed the protective effect of biopreparations such as Biosept 33 SL, Biochikol 020 PC and Polyversum, used as seed dressing for common bean and pea. The fungicide Zaprawa Oxafun T was used as a com- parison, while the seeds that were not dressed constituted the control. The studied plants grew in the medium grown over with different species of fungi pathogenic towards pea and common bean. Irrespective of the species, the fewest plants, with the greatest propor- tion of infected ones, were obtained in control combinations. The application of bioprepa- rations and the fungicide turned out to be an effective protection of pea and common bean from the infection by the examined phytopathogens. Biosept 33 SL in the concentration of 0.2% showed to have the best effect among the tested biopreparations.

Components and mechanisms of resistance in selected field pea Pisum sativum lines to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Abstract: Six field pea Pisum sativum (L.), lines (Holetta Local-90, 305PS210687, 061K-2P- 2/9/2, 061K-2P-14/7/1, JI-898 and 304WA1101937) were screened in a greenhouse for their resistance to the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) and compared to NEP874UK line (control). The total number of progeny and the average and maximum number of nymphs produced per female during a 24-h period were significantly lower in the six lines compared to the control. The intrinsic rate of increase was also significantly higher in the control than in the other lines (except Holetta Local-90). The aphid preferred to feed on the control than on the tested lines. Line 061K-2P2/9/2 was the most resistant genotype as its height and weight were less affected by aphid attack. Based on antibiosis, antixenosis and tolerance effects, lines 061K-2P2/9/2, JI-896 and 304WA1101937T performed better against A. pisum.

Diversification of existing rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system for sustainable productivity under irrigated conditions

Abstract: Afield experiment was conducted during 1998–99 and 1999–2000 at Palampur, to diversify existing rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) cropping system. Wheat in rice-wheat sequence was replaced with 1 or 2 crops of oilseeds or vegetables crops, viz. gobhi sarson (Brassica napus ssp oleifera DC var. annua L), linseed (Linum usitatissimum L), toria [Brassica campestris L. ssp. oleifera (Metzger) Sinsk. var. toria] potato (Solanum tuberosum L), pea (Pisum sativum L) and Frenchbean (Phaseolus vulgaris L). Rice-pea-potato sequence recorded significantly highest rice-equivalent yield with production efficiency as high as 58.38 kg/ha/day. However, rice-pea-Frenchbean gave an additional net returns of Rs 7,110/ha over rice-pea-potato, which were also highest than that of rice-wheat. Land-use efficiency as well as benefit: cost ratio were also highest in rice-pea-Frenchbean. Thus in rice-wheat system, wheat crop can be safely replaced by pea, which can be followed either by potato or Frenchbean.

Characteristic aroma components of the cilantro mimics

Abstract: Aroma profiles of fresh herbs of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.), culantro (Eryngium foetidum L.) and Vietnamese coriander (Polygonium odoratum L.) were compared by direct solvent extraction, gas chromatography-olfactometry and aroma extract dilution analysis. Among the three herbs, the key aroma components of C. sativum and E. foetidum were most similar and consisted of mainly 2-alkenals and n-aldehydes. On the other hand, P. odoratum contained mostly decanal and dodecanal, with 2-alkenals being notably absent in this herb. C. sativum and E. foetidum were found to differ in volatile composition, with (E)-2-alkenals from C 9 -C 1 6 and decanal being predominant in C. sativum, while E. foetidum contained mostly (E)-2-dodecenal. (E)-2-Alkenals, in particular (E)-2-dodecenal, were most closely associated with characteristic aromas of C. sativum and E. foetidum herbs; whereas, decanal and dodecanal were the characterizing components of P. odoratum aroma.

Response of vegetable pea (Pisum sativum) to sowing date and phosphorus under on-farm conditions

Abstract: A field experiment was conducted during the winter season of 1999–2000 and 2000–2001 at Kokriguda model watershed, block Semiliguda, district Koraput (Orissa), to find out optimum sowing time and phosphorus dose for vegetable pea (Pisum sativum L). The earliest sowing date (18 October) resulted in significantly better growth, yield attributes, green pod yield and net returns than 2 November and 17 November. Between the later 2 sowing dates, 2 November was significantly superior. Increasing phosphorus levels from 0 to 75 kg P2O5/ha significantly improved growth, yield and net returns. Moreover, combination of 18 October sowing and 75 kg P205/ha resulted in highest green pod yield of 43.33 q/ha being significantly higher than all other combinations. Phorphorus-use efficiency was highest with 18 October sowing and with 25 kg P2O5/ha. Maximum water-use-efficiency was recorded with 2 November-sown and 75 kg P2O6/ha applied crop.

Temperature Drop as a Tool for Cold Tolerance Increment in Plants

Abstract: The experiments were conducted with Cucumis sativus L., Triticum aestivum L., Brassica capitata, Solanum tuberosum, Zea mays L. and Pisum sativum L. Temperature drop increased cold resistance in all studied species. Level of cold resistance under the drop treatments was much higher than under the constant low temperature. It remained at a higher level for a longer period during de-acclimation. It is concluded that DROP technology is a good way for successful transplantation of greenhouse agricultural and bedding plants in early spring.

Biological Efficiency and Economic Benefits of Pea-Barley and Pea-Oat Intercrops

Abstract: To optimize use efficiency of production resources, Newfoundland (NL) dairy farmers intercrop barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) with field pea [Pisum sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense (L.) Poir.]. An experiment was conducted in 2000 and 2001 in a temperate sandy loam to determine seeding rate complementarity of barley and oat in pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops for forage and nitrogen (N) yields. The monocultures of barley and oat were each sown at 85 and 170 kg ha−1, and pea was sown at 150 kg ha−1. For pea-barley and pea-oat intercrops, pea was sown at 150 kg ha−1 and each cereal component was sown at 85 and 170 kg ha−1. The nine treatments were referred to, respectively, as pea150, barley85, oat85, barley170, oat170, pea150-bar-ley85, pea150-oat85, pea150-barley170, and pea150-oat170. The land equivalent ratio (LER), defined as the relative land area under monoculture that is required to produce the yields achieved in intercropping, and its analogues were used to compare...

Response of Garden Pea to Nickel Toxicity

Abstract: Hydroponically-grown Pisum sativum plants were sensitive to Ni2+ (100–1000 µmol/L). Lower Ni2+ concentration (25 µmol/L) stimulated general growth up to 20 d. Nickel (Ni)-free plants showed nodulation (average 27 per plant), but the frequency went down to 82% even in 100 µmol/L Ni2+. The Ni2+ concentration, when raised to 200 or 300 µmol/L, inhibited nodulation completely. The Ni2+ accumulation in P. sativum was concentration- and time-dependent. External Ni2+ concentration (200 or 300 µmol/L) contributed cation buildup of 34 µg g−1 dw, average. The root/shoot share of Ni2+ was invariably 60 : 40 indicating that 40% of Ni2+ accumulated gets translocated to foliar parts. Proline biosynthesis in plants was promoted by 3.36-fold. A 40:60 root/shoot share of this amino acid infers that it is synthesized primarily in foliar parts and can be adopted as a reliable metal-stress indicator. The Ni2+ load invariably lowered thiol biosynthesis in P. sativum with the exception of a 1.14-fold stimulation by th...