Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2006"

Using selective food plants to maximize biological control of vineyard pests

Abstract: Summary 1. Habitat manipulation is important for enhancing biological control of arthropod pests, but identification of selective food plants that benefit only natural enemies is required in order to avoid inadvertently exacerbating pest damage. 2. Greenhouse experiments were conducted to identify potential ground-cover plant species that would improve performance of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma carverae when mass released in vineyards to control the leafroller pest Epiphyas postvittana. Further experiments determined which plants increased immature survival and adult longevity of E. postvittana and a field experiment investigated field enhancement of biological control. 3. Greenhouse survival of T. carverae was greater in the presence of flowering shoots of Lobularia maritima than with flowering shoots of either Brassica juncea or Coriandrum sativum, or with shoots of any species from which flowers had been removed or a control with no shoots. Similar experiments with Fagopyrum esculentum and Borage officinalis showed survival was higher in the presence of shoots with flowers than in without-flower and control treatments. 4. Daily fecundity of T. carverae was greater in the presence of flowering shoots of L. maritima than F. esculentum and with treatments without flowers. There was no significant enhancement of fecundity with Brassica juncea and Borage officinalis flowers. 5. Adult longevity of male and female E. postvittana was as long in the presence of Borage officinalis and F. esculentum flowers as when fed a honey-based artificial diet but longevity was significantly lower than in the artificial diet treatment when caged with C. sativum and L. maritima, irrespective of whether flowers were present or not. 6. Larval development of E. postvittana on intact potted plants was lower on C. sativum and L. maritima than on Brassica juncea, Borage officinalis, F. esculentum and Trifolium repens (a known host of E. postvittana). 7. In the first and second 48-h periods after release of T. carverae in a field experiment, parasitism was significantly higher in pooled treatments with flowers (C. sativum, F. esculentum and L. maritima) than in pooled treatments without flowers (conventional ground-cover or bare earth). 8. Lobularia maritima provided clear benefit to T. carverae but was not used by adult and larval E. postvittana. 9. Synthesis and applications. Lobularia maritima is recommended as the selective food plant best suited to this system and its use beneath vines offers the additional advantage of suppressing weeds, so avoiding the need for herbicide applications and mechanical control.

Laboratory evaluation of four medicinal plants as protectants against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots)

Abstract: The petroleum ether extract of four medicinal plants; Aristolochia ringens (Vahl), Allium sativum (L), Ficus exasperata (L) and Garcinia kola (H), were evaluated as grain protectant against the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais (Mots) in the laboratory at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5% (w/v) concentrations. Parameters assessed were adult mortality, rate of adult emergence, grain damage effect and weevil peforation index (WPI). There was increase in adult mortality with days of exposure in all concentrations. Ar. ringens followed by Al. sativum were most potent both in adult mortality and adult emergence. This study reveals Ar. ringens to be a potent bioinsecticide for protecting maize grains from S. zeamais infestation and damage. The details of the bioassay procedure used and the results obtained are reported.

Yield, Essential Oil Content and Composition of Coriandrum sativum Varieties (var. vulgare Alef and var. microcarpum DC.) Grown in Two Different Locations

Abstract: Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) has two varieties (var. vulgare Alef. and var. microcarpum DC.) in the populations of Turkey. Field experiments were conducted during 2000 and 2001 in two different locations (Tokat and Diyarbakir) in order to investigate yield, oil content and composition of the varieties. The oil composition of the varieties was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Ecological variation had a significant effect on biomass and seed yields. Variation in the oil content between varieties was significant, i.e. microcarpum had a higher oil content. The compositions of two varieties were qualitatively similar, although the linalool content was higher in microcarpum (63.5–71.0%) than vulgare (42.1–52.7%).

A Study on Clinical Efficacy of Lepidium sativum Seeds in Treatment of Bronchial Asthma

Abstract: The present investigation was carried out to determine the efficacy and safety of Lepidium sativum (L. sativum) (Garden Cress, Fam: Cruciferae) in patients of bronchial asthma. L. sativum seed powder was given at a dose of 1 gm thrice a day orally to 30 patients of either sex in the range of 15-80 years with mild to moderate bronchial asthma without any concurrent medication. The respiratory functions (FVC, FEV1, FEF25-75% and MVV) were assessed using a spirometer prior to and after 4 weeks of treatment. Efficacy of the drug in improving clinical symptoms and severity of asthmatic attacks was evaluated by interviewing the patient and by physical and hematological examination at the end of the treatment. 4 weeks treatment with the drug showed statistically significant improvement in various parameters of pulmonary functions in asthmatic subjects. Also significant improvement was observed in clinical symptoms and severity of asthmatic attacks. None of the patient showed any adverse effect with L. sativum. The results of the present study suggest the usefulness of L. sativum seeds in patients with bronchial asthma.

Differential effects of nitrate and ammonium supply on nodule initiation, development, and distribution on roots of pea (Pisum sativum)

Abstract: Low, static concentrations of ammonium have less negative effects on nodulation of pea (Pisum sativum L.) than nitrate and in some cases may actually stimulate nodulation. Two experiments were carried out to assess the effects of supplying both forms of mineral N, separately and in combination, on nodule initiation, nodule development, nodule distribution between primary and lateral (secondary) roots, tertiary root development, and N2 fixation in pea. Pea plants were grown for up to 24 d after inoculation in hydroponic culture with no mineral N (zero N), NO3– (0.5 mmol·L–1), NH4+ (0.5 mmol·L–1), or NO3– (0.25 mmol·L–1) plus NH4+ (0.25 mmol·L–1). Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium were monitored on a daily basis and held relatively constant by continuous, automatic additions of stock solutions. Pea plants accumulated the most total dry mass (DM) and total N when supplied with the combination of nitrate plus ammonium but had the lowest nodule DM and percentage of nitrogen derived from the atmosphere. Wh...

Host status and reaction of Medicago truncatula accessions to infection by three major pathogens of pea (Pisum sativum) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa)

Abstract: Ditylenchus dipsaci, the stem nematode of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), Mycosphaerella pinodes, cause of Ascochyta blight in pea (Pisum sativum) and Aphanomyces euteiches, cause of pea root rot, result in major yield losses in French alfalfa and pea crops. These diseases are difficult to control and the partial resistances currently available are not effective enough. Medicago truncatula, the barrel medic, is the legume model for genetic studies, which should lead to the identification and characterization of new resistance genes for pathogens. We evaluated a collection of 34 accessions of M. truncatula and nine accessions from three other species (two from M. italica, six from M. littoralis and one from M. polymorpha) for resistance to these three major diseases. We developed screening tests, including standard host references, for each pathogen. Most of the accessions tested were resistant to D. dipsaci, with only three accessions classified as susceptible. A very high level of resistance to M. pinodes was observed among the accessions, none of which was susceptible to this pathogen. Conversely, a high level of variation, from resistant to susceptible accessions, was identified in response to infection by A. euteiches.

Screening of field pea (Pisum sativum) selections for their reactions to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita).

Abstract: Pot studies were carried out to evaluate the reactions of 23 selections of field pea (Pisum sativum) against Meloidogyne incognita (2000 freshly hatched juveniles (J2)/pot). Experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions ((24.7±3) °C and (62±7)% RH) and terminated 45 d after inoculation. The roots of all the selections were assessed to determine root-knot indices (RKI) on a 0~4 scale. Out of 23 selections HFP-990713, Pant P-25, and HFP-0129 were resistant; Pant P-2005, NDP-2 and Pant P-42 were tolerant; LFP-305, HFP-8909, HFP-4, HUP-31, HFP-0128, Pant P-31, Pant P-40, LFP-363, and HFP-0118 were moderately resistant; HFP-0110, HUDP-28, HUDP-15, HUDP-27, HUP-30, HUP-2 and HUDP-26 were moderately susceptible; and only Ambika was susceptible to M. incognita. It was observed that reproduction of nematode was favored on tolerant and susceptible cultivars but inhibited on resistant ones. Strong negative correlation was observed between the total fresh and dry plant weights and the root-knot index. The selection Pant P-42 showed highest tolerance among all the selections tested and can be recommended for field trials, whereas, selection Ambika showed highest susceptibility and should be avoided.

Effect of Rotation Crops on Heterodera glycines Population Density in a Greenhouse Screening Study.

Abstract: Crop rotation is a common means of reducing pathogen populations in soil. Several rotation crops have been shown to reduce soybean cyst nematode (Heterodera glycines) populations, but a comprehensive study of the optimal crops is needed. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of growth and decomposition of 46 crops on population density of H. glycines. Crops were sown in soil infested with H. glycines. Plants were maintained until 75 days after planting, when the soil was mixed, a sample of the soil removed to determine egg density, and shoots and roots chopped and mixed into the soil. After 56 days, soil samples were again taken for egg counts, and a susceptible soybean (‘Sturdy’) was planted in the soil as a bioassay to determine egg viability. Sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea), forage pea (Pisum sativum), lab-lab bean (Lablab purpureus), Illinois bundleflower (Desman-thus illinoensis), and alfalfa (Medicago sativa) generally resulted in smaller egg population density in soil or number of cysts formed on soybean in the bioassay than the fallow control. Sunn hemp most consistently showed the lowest numbers of eggs and cysts. As a group, legumes resulted in lower egg population densities than monocots, Brassica species, and other dicots.

Effects of combined inoculation of pea plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium on nodule formation and nitrogen fixing activity

Abstract: Summary. The response of pea ( Pisum sativum cv. Avola) to arbuscularmicorrizal fungi (AM) species Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Viciae , strain D293 regarding growth,nodulation and nitrogen fixing activity was studied. Pea plants ( Pisum sativum cv. Avola) were grown in a glasshouse until flowering stage (35 days) in 4kg plastic pots using leached cinnamonic forest soil at low phosphorus level(60mg P 2 O 5 kg soil -1 ). The obtained results demonstrated that dual inocula-tion of pea plants increased plant biomass, nodulation parameters, N 2 fixa-tion activity at varying levels compared to plants submitted to single inocu-lation with Rhizobium leguminosarum , strain D293, and depended on AMfungi species. Coinoculation increased significantly total P content in planttissues and percentage of root colonization. Coinoculation efficiency of Rhizobium bacteria and Glomus mosseae was higher compared with Glo-mus intraradices regarding biological N 2 fixation and AM colonization atthe tested P concentration.

Influence of brassinosteroids on initiation of the root gravitropic response in Pisum sativum seedlings

Abstract: In roots of Pisum sativum seedlings, the average lag-time required for initiation of the gravitropic response was reduced proportionally to the concentration of 24-epibrassinolide (EBL) added to the root solution (range of 10−13 to 10−8 M concentrations). A treatment with clotrimazole, a compound inhibiting steroid synthesis, prevents initiation of the gravitropic response. This effect was partly reverted by addition of EBL. From analysis of variability in the populations, it is suggested that BR conditions the root curvature through a gravitropic-induced change in sensitivity to the PGRs regulating cell elongation.

Peroxidase, catalase, amine oxidase and acid phosphatase activities in Pisum sativum during infection with Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani

Abstract: Two genotypes (cv. Smaragd and line DP1059) of Pisum sativum with different susceptibility to Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani and influence of pathogenesis on enzyme activities were studied. The increase of activity of studied enzymes was mostly observed in both roots and shoots during pathogenesis. Only activity of acid phosphatase decreased in the root and increased in shoots. The correlation between enzyme activity change and susceptibility of pea cultivars to F. oxysporum or F. solani was observed.

Analysis Of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.) Source Material For Breeding Of Cultivars With High Symbiotic Potential And Choice Of Criteria For Its Evaluation

Abstract: Double inoculation with arbuscular mycorhizal fungi and nodule bacteria was shown to increase seed productivity and plant dry weight in most of pea genotypes studied. Sometimes it can exceed the effect of mineral fertilizers.Seed productivity and plant dry weight were chosen as main criteria for evaluation of symbiosis effectiveness of legume crops. Expediency of legume breeding to improve symbiotic potential of legume varieties was proven and the genotypes to be used in such breeding programs were identified.

Genetic variation for seed yield and its components and their association in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) germplasm

Abstract: Evaluation of 360 lines of coriander (Coriandrum sativum) at Jobner (Rajasthan) indicatedhigh variability for seed yield (22.82%), umbels plant-1 (28.65%) and seeds umbel-1 (21.63%)and low variability for days to 50% flowering (12.39%) and umbellets umbel-1 (13.30%). Highbroad sense heritability (91.94%) and genetic advance (56.55%) were obtained for umbelsplant-1 and seeds umbel-1. Correlation and path coefficient analysis indicated that umbelsplant-1 and branches plant-1 were the most important traits as they exerted positive directeffect on seed yield.

Genetic variation in stem strength in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) and its association with compressed stem thickness

Abstract: We assessed genetic variation in stem strength in field pea (Pisum sativum L.) using physical and biological measures in order to develop selection criteria for breeding programs. A diverse group of 6 pea genotypes was subjected to 2 levels of disease (ascochyta leaf and stem blight), high and low. Stem samples were tested for physical stem strength (load at breaking point and flexion) using a universal testing machine. Stem diameter and compressed stem thickness were measured as biological indicators of stem strength. The genotypes varied significantly in physical and biological measures of stem strength, and in resistance to ascochyta blight. Load at breaking point was strongly associated with compressed stem thickness but only weakly associated with stem diameter. Significant variation in compressed stem thickness was present among pea genotypes, supporting this as an inexpensive, reliable, and quantitative measure for use in the field. There was no variation in stem lignin content among genotypes. Ascochyta blight resistance and stem strength, as assessed by load, flexion, or compressed stem thickness, were independent traits (the main effects of disease level and genotype × disease level interactions for load, flexion, and compressed stem thickness were non-significant). Therefore, concurrent genetic gains in both ascochyta resistance and stem strength should be possible in the same pea breeding population.

Wheat Responses in Semiarid Northern Ethiopia to N2 Fixation by Pisum Sativum Treated with Phosphorous Fertilizers and Inoculant

Abstract: Nitrogen fixation (N2) by leguminous crops is a relatively low-cost alternative to N fertilizers for smallholder farmers in Africa. Nitrogen fixation in pea (Pisum sativum L. cv. Markos) as affected by phosphorus (P) fertilization (0, 30 kg P ha−1) and inoculation (uninoculated and inoculated) in the semiarid conditions of Northern Ethiopia was studied using the 15N isotope dilution method and locally adapted barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Bureguda) as reference crop. The effect of pea fixed nitrogen (N2) on yield of the subsequent wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.) was also assessed. Phosphorus and inoculation significantly influenced nodulation at the late flowering stage and also significantly increased P and N concentrations in shoots, and P concentration in roots, while P and N concentrations in nodules were not affected. Biomass, pods m−2 and grain yield responded positively to P and inoculation, while seeds pod−1 and seed weights were not significantly affected by these treatments. Phosphorus and inoculation enhanced the percentage of N derived from the atmosphere in the whole plant ranging from 53 to 70%, corresponding to the total amount of N2 fixed varying from 55 to 141 kg N ha−1. Soil N balance after pea ranged from − 9.2 to 19.3 kg N ha−1 relative to following barley, where barley extracted N on the average of 6.9 and 62.0 kg N ha−1 derived from fertilizer and soil, respectively. Beneficial effects of pea fixed N2 on yield of the following cereal crop were obtained, increasing the average grain and N yields of this crop by 1.06 Mg ha−1 and 33 kg ha−1, respectively, relative to the barley–wheat monocrop rotation. It can be concluded that pea can be grown as an alternative crop to fallow, benefiting farmers economically and increasing the soil fertility.

Response of pea (Pisum sativum L.) to mepiquat chloride under varying application doses and stages

Abstract: Grown as a monoculture, peas (Pisum sativum L.) exhibit severe lodging after flowering and lodging causes yield reductions considerable. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dose (untreated, 25, 50, 75 and 100 g a.i. ha -1 ) and stage (late vegetative, early blooming and early pod filling) of mepiquat chloride (MC) application on the growth, lodging control, seed yield and yield parameters of pea (Pisum sativum L.) under field conditions in Erzurum, Turkey in 2002 and 2003. Application doses of 25, 50, 75 and 100 g a.i. ha -1 significantly reduced stem height by 5.3 %, 7.2 %, 7.5 % and 6.4 % and increased stem width by 7.5 %, 12.7 %, 12.3 % and 15.7 % respectively, when compared with the untreated control, and thereby reduced the tendency of the crop to lodging. Increases of the seed yield under different application doses of MC ranged between 13.7 % and 20.1 % over the untreated control. However, in all parameters investigated, except for stem width, higher application doses of MC gave no clear advantages compared with the application dose of 25 g a.i. ha -1 . Seed yield was also significantly influenced by application stage of MC and application at early blooming stage of crop, MC significantly increased seed yield by 11.4 % and 10.2 % when compared with the late vegetative and the early pod filling stages respectively. Furthermore, the interaction of application dose and stage was significant, and spraying of pea plants with 25 g a.i. -ha -1 MC at early blooming stage has the most beneficial effects on the characters evaluated.

Location of deterioration within garden pea (Pisum sativum) cotyledons is associated with the timing of exposure to high temperature

Abstract: Plants of two garden pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars ('Alderman’ and ‘Early Onward') were exposed to high temperature (30/25°C; day/ night, 12h each) at five different stages (during seed development, S1‐S2; at physiological maturity (PM), S3; and during seed maturation, S4‐S5) to determine the effect of high temperature on seed quality parameters and the location of deteriorated tissues within the cotyledons at each stage. High temperature applied at the beginning of seed filling (S1) significantly decreased thousand seed weight in both cultivars, and germination in ‘Alderman’. Hollow heart was significantly increased in both cultivars when high temperature was applied at the rapid seed fill stage (S2), but not when applied at other stages. There was a significant cultivar by treatment duration interaction at S2 for hollow heart incidence—'Alderman’ was more susceptible to hollow heart than ‘Early Onward’. Single seed conductivity was significantly increased by high temperature at S4 and S5 in bot...

Effect of Sowing Date and Cultivar on Root System Development in Pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: In many species, root system development depends on cultivar and sowing date, with consequences for aerial growth, and seed yield. Most of the peas (Pisum sativum L.) grown in France are sown in spring or in mid-November. We analyzed the effect of two sowing periods (November and February) and three pea cultivars (a spring cultivar, a winter cultivar, a winter recombinant inbred line) on root development in field conditions. For all treatments, rooting depth at various dates seemed to be strongly correlated with cumulative radiation since sowing. Maximum root depth varied from 0.88 to 1.06 m, with the roots penetrating to greater depths for February sowing than for November sowing in very cold winters. The earlier the crop was sown, the sooner maximum root depth was reached. No difference in root dynamics between cultivars was observed. In contrast, the winter recombinant inbred line presented the highest root density in the ploughed layer. These findings are discussed in terms of their possible implications for yield stability and environmental impact.

Effects of the field environment before and after seed physiological maturity on hollow heart occurrence in garden pea (Pisum sativum)

Abstract: Hollow heart, a pea seed disorder, reduces pea seed vigour. It is associated with high temperature after seed set, but the susceptible seed development stage is not entirely clear. A field trial in New Zealand involving three sowing times (September, October, and November 2003) and three garden pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars ('Rainier’, ‘Early Onward’, and ‘Alderman') was conducted to determine if the predisposing stage to the disorder couldbe identified. Hourly thermal time (HTT) at a base temperature (Tb) of 25°C when seed moisture content (SMC) was 70–80% was correlated positively with hollow heart incidence at harvest maturity (HM), but this response differed among cultivars. HTT (Tb = 25°C) when SMC was 15–25% was not correlated with hollow heart incidence at HM, if data for all cultivars were included in the correlation analysis. However, an increase in hollow heart incidence after seed had dried to between 15% and 25% SMC occurred with increasing HTT (Tb = 25°C) in ‘Alderman’. These results...

Influence of three plant extracts on fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris mycelium growth

Abstract: Three plant extracts viz. bulbs of Allium sativum L. (Liliaceae), seeds of Annona squamosa L. (Annonaceae) and leaves of Vitex negundo L. (Verbenaceae) were evaluated against cowpea wilt patho- gen, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris by mycelial dry weight method under laboratory condtions. The mean mycelium dry weights of F. oxysporum of methanol and benzene extracts of A. sativum obtained from 125 g of crused dry plant material (bulbs) were 0.0113 and 0.0174 mg, respectively. This was followed by methanol and petroleum ether extracts of A. squamosa (0.2396 and 0.2381 mg). They effectively controlled mycelial growth of cowpea wilt pathogen, however V. negundo extracts did not cause any significant mycelium growth inhibition when compared to other plant extracts tested. Among the three plant extracts, methanol extracts of A. sativum bulbs could possibly be used for controlling F. oxysporum.

Purification, identification and preliminary crystallographic studies of an allergenic protein from Lathyrus sativus

Abstract: A 24 kDa protein was purified from the seeds of Lathyrus sativus by ammonium sulfate fractionation and ion-exchange chromatography. The N-terminal amino-acid sequence showed significant homology with the 2S albumin class of seed storage proteins. The protein showed 85% sequence homology with the seed albumin of Pisum sativum within the 40 N-terminal residues. Crystals were obtained by the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 43.5, b = 82.7, c = 153.4 A.